Glossary of historical terms

Glossary of historical terms

Terms that are not now part of the Code, but that were part of the
Code in the past, that were proposed for inclusion in the Code, etc.

absolute synonym = homotypic synonym

aggregate species : a taxon composed of several species, bearing
                 a binomial as its name (a binomial different from the
                 binomials borne by its component species); Alchemilla
                 vulgaris, Euphrasia officinalis, Rubus fruticosus,
                 Taraxacum officinale

antitype : a duplicate

ap. : connecting term denoting an apomict

apotype : an interpretative specimen

association (of names) : the combination of a generic name with a
                 subdivisional epithet, connected by a rank-denoting term

automatic tautonym = autonym

basinym / basonym = basionym

Brittonia-Rules : the (unofficial) edition of the Rules included in
                 Brittonia (and later reprinted as a separate book), based
                 on the decisions of the 1935, Amsterdam Congress

Brittonian Code / Brittonian rules : the rules espoused by
                 N.L. Britton, the American Code (and its predecessor,
                 the Philadelphia Code)

caconym : malformed name

chirotype : a prospective type, for a manuscript name

clastotype : a loose fragment of a type specimen

cl. : connecting term denoting a clone

clonotype : 1) a specimen taken from a clone of the plant that
                      yielded the holotype
                 2) (latterday) a specimen taken later from the plant that
                      yielded the type (see emergento type)

collective epithet : an epithet applying to all descendants of a cross
                 between species (now: specific epithet of the name of a
                 nothospecies)

conditional synonym : depends on a (taxonomic) decision whether
                 or not an earlier homonym is accepted as a correct name

convariety (used in the ICNCP) : a grouping comprising several
                 cultivars (now: Group)

cotype :    1) any specimen used by the original author when no type
                      was designated (now: syntype)
                 2) any specimen used by the original author other than the
                      holotype (now: paratype)
                 3) a duplicate of the type (now: isotype)

cultivar-group (used in the ICNCP) : a grouping comprising several
                 cultivars (now: Group)

duplicate binomial / duplicating binomial = tautonym

duplicate type = isotype

emergento-type : taken later from the vivo-type (see also
                 proteromerotype)

equivalent synonym : a name for a taxon with the same
                 circumscription but a different type

exact synonym = homotypic synonym

familiotype : the type of a family name

form-genus : 1) a genus maintained for classifying fossil specimens
                      that are not necessarily related but that need to be
                      provided with binomials (later: morphotaxon)
                 2) a form-taxon at the rank of genus

form-taxon : a taxon comprising only the asexual form of a fungus
                   (an anamorph); see also form-genus

genotype / generotype : the type of a generic name

grex [multiple meanings, handle with care]

half-breed : see mistus

haptotype : with the same collection number as the holotype, but not
                 necessarily from the same plant

heterotype : a specimen selected after the original publication

holonomenifer = holotype (see nomenifer)

homoeotype : a specimen verified as matching the holotype

homonym [not the present one] : a later homonym (to be rejected)

homonymous binomial = a tautonym (see duplicate binomial)

Hort. / hort. : (in place of an author citation, hortulanorum, “of the
                 gardeners”) indicates a name as used among gardeners
                 (by itself not validly published)

hyponym : a name that cannot be applied with certainty (nomen
                 dubium, nomen nudum, or nomen subnudum)

hypotype : an interpretative specimen

iconotype : an illustration that is the nomenclatural type, the type
                 illustration

icotype : a specimen that matches the nomenclatural type

ideomerotype : a proteromerotype taken by the original author

ideotype / idiotype : a specimen that is typical of the taxon

impriorable name = illegitimate name

invalid name : see valid name and nomen invalidum

isonym [not the present one] : any name based on a basionym

isopleth : specimen with the same number

Kew Rule : would have limited priority also per genus (instead of
                 only per rank)

lectoparatype : see paralectotype

line (used in the ICNCP) : a cultivar propagated by seed

line-hybrid (used in the ICNCP) : a cultivar that can reliable be
                 reproduced by a known crossing

lh. (used in the ICNCP) : connecting term denoting a line-hybrid

ln. (used in the ICNCP) : connecting term denoting a line

London Congress of 1930 : announced to be held there (initially in
                 1915), but later shifted to Cambridge (not to be confused
                 with the Imperial Botanical Conference, 1924, London)

lus. : connecting term (proposed) denoting a monstrosity (“lusus
                 naturae”) (also see “ter.”)

macro-species : a taxon composed of several species, bearing a
                 binomial as its name, while its component species would
                 have trinomials as their names

merotype : a specimen taken from the plant that yielded the holotype,
                 at that same time, but with a different collection number

metatype : 1) a topotype identified by the author
                 2) (proposed) = epitype

metonym = a heterotypic synonym

mistus (half-breed, métis) : the result of a cross between infraspecific
                 taxa of the same species

mixomorph : a particular chimaera

mm. : connecting term denoting a mixomorph

morphotaxon : comprises only the one part, life-history stage, or
                 preservational state represented by the fossil that is the
                 type of its name

nm. : connecting term denoting a nothomorph

nom mort-né : see nomen abortivum

nomen abortivum (“still-borne name”, “nom mort-né”,
                 “totgeborener Name”) : the (not closely defined)
                 predecessor of the illegitimate name

nomen ambiguum : a name that has been used concurrently in
                 different senses over a period of many years

nomen confusum : a name based on a mixed type

nomen dubium : a name that cannot be typified

nomen invalidum : not validly published, and thus not a name
                 (now: designation)

nomen nudum : published without a diagnosis or description (or
                 a reference to one), and thus not a name

nomen subnudum : published with a dubious diagnosis or
                 description, thus leaving it in doubt whether or not it is
                 a name

nomenifer [“name-bearing”] = nomenclatural type

nothomorph : a hybrid at infraspecific rank (now: nothovariety)

organ-genus : a genus comprising a particular kind (wood, pollen,
                 etc) of plant fossils

parahomonym : a name that is not spelled exactly the same (as
                 another name based on a different type), but very close

paralectotype : any syntype not chosen to be the lectotype

paranym = parahomonym

paronym : a parahomonym with the same derivation

paratautonym : a name that is not quite a tautonym, but very close
                 (e.g. Lycopersicon lycopersicum, Inga ynga)

Paris Code [not the 1956 one] = the Lois, accepted by the 1867
                 Paris Congres

plesiotype : a specimen identified by someone who is not the author

pragmotype / pragmatotype = (proposed) epitype

primary type : as can be determined from the protologue

priorable name = legitimate name

priority of position : the concept that a choice between names in the
                 same publication is to be determined by relative position
                 within the publication

proteromerotype : a specimen taken later from the plant that would
                 have yielded the holotype, if a specimen had been taken
                 (or had been preserved) (see also emergento-type)

proterotype : as can be determined from the protologue

protype = (proposed) epitype

pseudautonym (pseudo-autonym): a name with the same spelling,
                 and type, as a higher-ranking name (and which is not an
                 autonym)

pseudotype : duplicate of type, not seen by the author

secondary type : 1) a specimen selected after the original publication
                 2) a specimen collected later

qualified synonym = heterotypic synonym

semicolon : (in an author citation, between the names of authors)
                 signifies “in” or “ex”

scientia amabilis : plant taxonomy

spermotype : a specimen taken from a plant grown from a seed or
                 spore of the plant that yielded the holotype

standard-species (/ -specimen) = type species (/ specimen) [the
                 distinction at the time was that “type species” was used
                 in the American Code, while the “standard species” was
                 part of the British compromise]

still-borne name : see nomen abortivum

subdivision of a species : a taxon at infraspecific rank

subhybrid : a grouping comprising several nothomorphs

substitute type : a lectotype or neotype

substituto-type : a lectotype, not chosen from the original material,
                 but from the emergento-types or clono-types

ter. : connecting term (proposed) denoting a teratological form

ternary combination : see ternary name

ternary name : a name in three parts (now: infraspecific name)

topotype : a specimen from the type locality

totgeborener Name : see nomen abortivum

trivial (name) = specific epithet

typonym : [= homotypic synonym]
                 1) later homotypic synonym (now: superfluous name)
                 2) earlier homotypic synonym (now: replaced synonym)

typonymous = homotypic

typonymous homonym = isonym [the present one]

typotype : specimen that was the basis of the type illustration

valid name [not the present “validly published name”] = legitimate
                  name (also see ”nomen abortivum”)

vivo-type : living type

World-Code of (plant) nomenclature : the ideal of a Code that would
                 unite the International rules and the American Code

§ : connecting term denoting a section