Preamble | Pre |
INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
PREAMBLE
Botany requires a precise and simple system
of nomenclature used by botanists
in all countries,
dealing on the one hand with the terms which denote
the ranks of
taxonomic groups or units, and on
the other hand with the scientific names which
are applied to the individual taxonomic groups of plants.
The purpose of giving a
name to a taxonomic group
is not to indicate its characters or history,
but to supply
a means of referring to it and
to indicate its taxonomic rank. This Code aims at
the provision of a stable method of naming taxonomic groups,
avoiding and rejecting
the use of names which may cause error
or ambiguity or throw science into con-
fusion.
Next in importance is the avoidance of the useless creation of names.
Other
considerations, such as absolute grammatical correctness,
regularity or euphony of
names, more or less prevailing custom,
regard for persons, etc., notwithstanding
their undeniable importance,
are relatively accessory.
The Principles form the basis of the system of botanical nomenclature.
The detailed provisions are divided into
Rules, set out in the Articles, and
Recom-
mendations; the notes attached
to these are integral parts of them.
Examples are
added to the rules and recommendations
to illustrate them.
The object of the
Rules is to put the nomenclature of the past into order
and to
provide for that of the future;
names contrary to a rule cannot be maintained.
The
Recommendations deal with subsidiary points,
their object being to bring
about greater uniformity
and clearness, especially in future nomenclature;
names
contrary to a recommendation cannot, on that account,
be rejected, but they are
not examples to be followed.
The provisions regulating the modification of this Code form its last division.
The Rules and Recommendations apply
throughout the plant kingdom,
recent
and fossil.
However, special provisions are needed for certain groups.
The Inter-
national
Committee on Nomenclature
of Bacteria
has therefore issued an
International
Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (Internat. Journ. Syst. Bact.
16: 459-490. 1966).
Similarly the International Commission for
the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants has
published an
International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants
(Reg. Veg. 64.
1969).
Provisions for the names of hybrids appear in
Appendix I.
The only proper reasons for changing a name
are either a more profound
knowledge of the facts
resulting from adequate taxonomic study or the necessity
of
giving up a nomenclature that is contrary to the rules.
In the absence of a relevant rule or
where the consequences of rules
are doubtful,
established custom is followed.
This edition of the Code supersedes all previous editions (see
Bibliographia,
p.
394).
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I—VI | Principles |
Botanical nomenclature is independent of zoological nomenclature.
The Code applies equally to names of taxonomic groups
treated as plants whether
or not these groups
were originally assigned to the plant kingdom.
The application of names of taxonomic groups
is determined by means of nomen-
clatural types.
The nomenclature of a taxonomic group is based upon priority of publication.
Each taxonomic group with a particular circumscription,
position, and rank can
bear only one correct name,
the earliest that is in accordance with the Rules,
except
in specified cases.
Scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated
as Latin regardless of their
derivation.
The Rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited.
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Ranks | 1—5 |
Division I I. Rules and Recommendations
Chapter I. RANKS OF TAXA, AND THE TERMS DENOTING THEM
Taxonomic groups of any rank will,
in this Code, be referred to as
taxa (singular:
taxon).
Every individual plant is treated as belonging
to a number of taxa of consecutively
subordinate ranks,
among which the rank of species
(species) is basal.
The principal ranks of taxa in ascending sequence are:
species
(species), genus
(genus), family
(familia), order
(ordo), class
(classis), and division
(divisio).
Thus
each species belongs (is to be assigned) to a genus,
each genus to a family
(certain
groups of fossil plants excepted), etc.
Note 1.
Since the names of species,
and consequently of many higher taxa,
of
fossil plants are usually based on fragmentary specimens,
and since the connection
between these specimens
can only rarely be proved, organ-genera
(organo-genera)
and form-genera
(forma-genera)
are distinguished as taxa within which species
may
be recognized and given names according to this Code.
An organ-genus is a genus assignable to a family.
A form-genus is a genus
unassignable to a family, but it
may be referable to a taxon of higher rank
(see
Art. 59).
Form-genera are artificial in varying degree.
Examples:
Organ-genera:
Lepidocarpon Scott (Lepidocarpaceae),
Mazocarpon (Scott) Benson
(Sigillariaceae),
Siltaria Traverse (Fagaceae).
Form-genera:
Dadoxylon Endl. (Coniferopsida),
Pecopteris (Brongn.) Sternb. (Pteropsida),
Stigmaria Brongn. (Lepidophytales and Lepidospermales),
Spermatites Miner (Cormophyta,
excl. Eocormophyta et Palaeocormophyta microphylla).
For the ranks of hybrid taxa, see Art. H. 1.
If a greater number of ranks of taxa is required,
the terms for these are made
either by adding the prefix sub
(sub-) to the terms denoting the ranks
or by the
introduction of supplementary terms.
A plant may be assigned to taxa of the
following subordinate ranks
of the plant kingdom (Regnum Vegetabile):
Divisio,
Subdivisio,
Classis, Subclassis,
Ordo, Subordo,
Familia, Subfamilia,
Tribus, Sub-
tribus,
Genus, Subgenus,
Sectio, Subsectio,
Series, Subseries,
Species, Subspecies,
Varietas, Subvarietas,
Forma, Subforma.
Further supplementary ranks may be intercalated or added,
provided that con-
fusion or error is not thereby introduced.
For hybrids and
certain variants of species
in cultivation, see
Appendix I
and
Article 28.
Note.
In classifying parasites, especially fungi,
authors who do not give specific,
subspecific or varietal value
to taxa characterized from a physiological standpoint
but scarcely or not at all from a morphological standpoint
may distinguish within
the species special forms
(formae speciales) characterized by their adaptation
to
different hosts, but the nomenclature of
formae speciales shall not be governed by
the provisions of this Code.
The relative order of the ranks specified in Arts. 3 and 4 must not be altered.
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6—7 | Definitions, typification |
Chapter II. NAMES OF TAXA (GENERAL PROVISIONS)
Effective publication is publication in accordance with Arts. 29—31.
Valid publication of names is publication in accordance with Arts. 32—45.
A legitimate name or epithet is one that is in accordance with the rules.
An illegitimate name or epithet is one that is contrary to the rules.
The
correct name of a taxon
with a particular circumscription, position,
and rank
is the legitimate name
which must be adopted for it under the rules (see
Art. 11).
Example:
The generic name
Vexillifera Ducke
(Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 3: 139.
1922),
based on the single species
V. micranthera, is legitimate because it is
in accordance
with the rules.
The same is true of the generic name
Dussia Krug et Urban ex Taub.
(in
Engl. et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III. 3: 193. 1892),
based on the single species
D. martini-
censis.
Both generic names are correct
when the genera are thought to be separate. Harms
(Repert. Sp. Nov. 19: 291. 1924), however, united
Vexillifera Ducke and
Dussia Krug et
Urban ex Taubert in a single genus;
when this treatment is accepted the latter name
is the
only correct one for the genus
with this particular circumscription. The legitimate name
Vexillifera may therefore be correct or incorrect
according to different concepts of the taxa.
Note 1.
In this Code, unless otherwise indicated,
the word “name” means
a name that has been validly published,
whether it is legitimate or illegitimate.
Note 2.
The name of a taxon below the rank of genus,
consisting of the name
of a genus combined
with one or more epithets,
is termed a combination.
Examples of combinations:
Gentiana lutea, Gentiana tenella var.
occidentalis, Equisetum
palustre var.
americanum f.
fluitans, Mouriri subg.
Pericrene, Arytera sect.
Mischarytera.
The application of names of taxa of the rank of family or below is determined
by means of nomenclatural types (types of names of taxa).
A nomenclatural type
(typus) is that constituent element of a taxon
to which the name of the taxon is
permanently attached,
whether as a correct name or as a synonym.
Note 1.
The nomenclatural type is not necessarily
the most typical or represen-
tative element of a taxon;
it is that element with which the name
is permanently
associated.
A
holotype is the one specimen or other element used by the author
or designated
by him as the nomenclatural type.
As long as a holotype is extant, it automatically
fixes the application of the name concerned.
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Typification | 7 |
If no holotype was indicated by the author
who described a taxon,
or when the
holotype has been lost or destroyed, a
lectotype or a
neotype as a substitute for it
may be designated.
A lectotype always takes precedence over a neotype. An
isotype,
if such exists,
must be chosen as the lectotype.
If no isotype exists, the lectotype
must
be chosen from among the syntypes, if such exist.
If neither an isotype nor a syntype
nor any of the original material is extant,
a neotype may be selected.
A
lectotype is a specimen or other element selected
from the original material to
serve as a nomenclatural type
when no holotype was designated at the time of
publication or as long as it is missing.
When two or more
specimens have been
designated as types
by the author of a specific or infra-specific name
(e.g. male and
female, flowering and fruiting, etc.),
the lectotype must be chosen from among them.
An
isotype is any duplicate
(part of a single gathering made by a collector at
one time)
of the holotype; it is always a specimen.
A
syntype is any one of two or more specimens cited
by the author when no
holotype was designated,
or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously
designated as types.
A
neotype is a specimen or other element selected
to serve as nomenclatural type
as long as all of the material
on which the name of the taxon was based is missing.*
A new name or epithet published as an avowed substitute
(nomen novum) for an
older name or epithet
is typified by the type of the older name.
A new name formed
from a previously published legitimate name or epithet
(stat.
nov., comb. nov.) is, in all circumstances,
typified by the type of the basionym.
A name or epithet
which was nomenclaturally superfluous when published
(see
Art. 63)
is automatically typified by the type of the name or epithet
which ought
to have been adopted under the rules,
unless the author of the superfluous name
or epithet
has indicated a definite type.
The type of a name of a taxon assigned to a group
with a nomenclatural starting-
point later than 1753
(see Art. 13)
is to be determined in accordance with the
indication
or description and other matter
accompanying its first valid publication
(see Arts.
32—45).
When valid publication is by reference
to a pre-starting-point
description, the latter
must be used for purposes of typification
as though newly
published.
A change of the listed type-species
of a conserved generic name (see Art.
14 and
App. III)
can be effected only by a procedure similar to that adopted
for the con-
servation of generic names.
Example:
Bullock and Killick (Taxon 6: 239. 1957) proposed,
in the interests of stability
and taxonomic accuracy,
that the type-species of
Plectranthus L’Hér. should be changed from
P. punctatus (L.f.) L’Hér. to
P. fruticosus L’Hér.
This was approved by the appropriate
Committees
and sanctioned by an International Botanical Congress.
The type of the name of a taxon of fossil plants
of the rank of species or below is
the specimen
whose figure accompanies or is cited in the valid publication
of the
name (see Art.
38).
If figures of more than one specimen were given or cited
when
the name was validly published,
one of those specimens must be chosen as type.
Note 2.
The typification of names of genera
based on plant megafossils and
plant microfossils
(form- and organ-genera), genera of imperfect fungi,
and any
other analogous genera or lower taxa
does not differ from that indicated above.
———————
* See also Guide for the determination of types (p. 75).
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8—9 | Typification |
It is strongly recommended
that the material on which the name of a taxon is based,
especially the holotype, be deposited in a permanent,
responsible institution
and that it be
scrupulously conserved.
When living material is designated as a nomenclatural type
(for
Bacteria only; see Art. 9,
paragraph 3),
appropriate parts of it should be immediately preserved.
Whenever the
elements
on which the name of a taxon is based
are heterogeneous,
the
lectotype should be so selected
as to preserve current usage unless
the element
thus selected
is discordant
with the protologue.*
The author who first designates a lectotype or a neotype
must be followed, but
his choice is superseded
if the holotype or, in the case of a neotype,
any of the
original material is rediscovered; it may also be superseded
if it can be shown that
the choice was based
upon a misinterpretation of the
protologue, or was made
arbitrarily.
Example:
In Britton & Brown’s
Illustrated Flora (ed. 2. 1913),
a type species was designated
for each genus.
The lectotype, as understood by the authors,
was “the first binomial species
in order”
eligible under certain provisions.
This is considered an arbitrary selection,
as e.g.
the lectotypification of
Delphinium L.
(a genus assigned by its author to Polyandria Trigynia) by
D. consolida L. (a unicarpellate species).
The type
(holotype,
lectotype, or
neotype) of a
name of a species or
infraspecific
taxon is a single specimen
or other element except in the following case:
for small
herbaceous plants and for most non-vascular plants,
the type may consist of more
than one individual,
which ought to be conserved permanently on one herbarium
sheet or
in one preparation.
If it is later proved that such a type herbarium sheet
or preparation contains parts
belonging to more than one taxon,
the name must remain attached to that part
(lecto-
type)
which corresponds most nearly with the original description.
Examples:
The holotype of the
name
Rheedia kappleri Eyma, a
polygamous species,
is a
male specimen collected by Kappler (593a in
U).
The author designated a hermaphroditic
specimen
collected by the Forestry Service of Surinam as a paratype ** (B. W. 1618 in
U).
The type of
the name
Tillandsia bryoides Griseb. ex Baker (Journ. Bot. 16: 236. 1878)
is
Lorentz no. 128 in
BM; this, however, proved to be a mixture.
L. B. Smith (Proc. Am. Acad.
70: 192. 1935)
acted in accordance with this rule in designating one
part of Lorentz’s
gathering
as the lectotype.
Type specimens of names of taxa, the Bacteria excepted,
must be preserved
permanently
and cannot be living plants or cultures.
Note 1. If it is impossible to preserve a specimen as the type of a name of a
———————
*
Protologue (from
προθος, first,
λογος, discourse):
everything associated with a name at
its first publication,
i.e. diagnosis, description, illustrations, references,
synonymy, geographical
data, citation of specimens,
discussion, and comments.
** See Guide for the determination of types (p. 75).
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Priority | 10—12 |
species or infraspecific taxon of
recent*
plants, or if such a name
is without a type
specimen,
the type may be a description or figure.
Note 2.
One whole specimen
used in establishing a taxon of fossil plants
is to
be considered the nomenclatural type.
If this specimen is cut into pieces
(sections
of fossil wood, pieces of coalball plants, etc.),
all parts originally used in establishing
the diagnosis
ought to be clearly marked.
The type
of a name of a genus
or of any taxon between genus and species
is a
species, that
of a name of a family
or of any taxon between family and genus
is the
genus on whose present or former name
that of the taxon concerned is based (see
also Art.
18).
The principle of typification does not apply
to names of taxa above the rank of
family
(see Art.
16).
Note 1.
The
type
of a name of a family
not based on a generic name is the genus
that typifies the alternative name of that family (see Art.
18).
Note
2.
For the typification of
some names
of subdivisions of genera ** see
Art.
22.
Each family or taxon of lower rank
with a particular circumscription, position,
and rank
can bear only one correct name, special exceptions
being made for 9
families
for which alternative names are permitted (see Art.
18)
and for certain
fungi and fossil plants (see Art.
59).
For any taxon from family to genus inclusive,
the correct name is the earliest
legitimate
one with the same rank,
except in cases of limitation of priority
by
conservation (see Arts.
14 and
15) or where Arts.
13f,
58, or
59 apply.
For any taxon below the rank of genus,
the correct name is the combination
of
the earliest available legitimate epithet
in the same rank with the correct name of
the genus
or species to which
it is assigned, except where Arts.
13f,
22,
26,
58, or
59 apply.
The principle of priority does not apply
to names of taxa above the rank of family
(see Art.
16).
A name of a taxon has no status under this Code
unless it is validly published
(see Arts.
32–45).
———————
*
The term
recent as used here and elsewhere in the Code
is in contradistinction to
fossil
(see Art. 13,
Note 2).
**
Here and elsewhere in the Code the phrase
“subdivision of a genus” refers only to taxa
between genus and species in rank.
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13 | Starting points |
Section 4. LIMITATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF PRIORITY
Valid publication of names for plants of the different
groups is treated as
beginning at the following dates
(for each group a work is mentioned which is
treated
as having been published on the date given for that group):
Recent plants
a.
SPERMATOPHYTA and
PTERIDOPHYTA, 1 May 1753
(Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum
ed. 1).
b. MUSCI (the SPHAGNACEAE excepted), 1 Jan. 1801 (Hedwig, Species Muscorum).
c. SPHAGNACEAE and HEPATICAE, 1 May 1753 (Linnaeus, Species Plantarum ed. 1).
d.
LICHENES, 1 May 1753
(Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum ed. 1). For nomenclatural
purposes names given to lichens
shall be considered as applying to their
fungal components.
e.
FUNGI:
UREDINALES,
USTILAGINALES and
GASTEROMYCETES, 31 Dec. 1801
(Persoon,
Synopsis Methodica Fungorum).
f.
FUNGI CAETERI, 1 Jan. 1821
(Fries,
Systema Mycologicum vol. 1). Vol. 1 of the
Systema is treated as having appeared on 1 Jan. 1821,
and the
Elenchus
Fungorum (1828) is treated as a part of the
Systema. Names of
FUNGI CAETERI
published in other works between the dates
of the first (vol. 1) and last (vol. 3,
part 2 and index) part of the
Systema which are synonyms or homonyms
of names of any of the
FUNGI CAETERI,
included in the
Systema do not affect
the nomenclatural status of names used by Fries in this work.
g.
ALGAE, 1 May 1753
(Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum ed. 1). Exceptions:
NOSTOCACEAE HOMOCYSTEAE,
1892—93
(Gomont,
Monographie des Oscillariées,
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII.
15: 263—368;
16: 91—264).
NOSTOCACEAE HETEROCYSTEAE,
1886—88 (Bornet et Flahault,
Revision des
Nostocacées hétérocystées,
Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. VII.
3: 323—381;
4: 343—373;
5: 51—129;
7: 177—262).
DESMIDIACEAE
British Desmidieae).
OEDOGONIACEAE, 1900
(Hirn,
Monographie und Iconographie der Oedogonia-
ceen, Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 27(1)).
h. MYXOMYCETES, 1 May 1753 (Linnaeus, Species Plantarum ed. 1).
i.
BACTERIA, 1 May 1753
(Linnaeus,
Species Plantarum ed. 1). The names of
bacteria are subject to provisions of the
International Code of Nomenclature
of Bacteria.
Fossil plants
j.
ALL GROUPS, 31 Dec. 1820
(Sternberg,
Flora der Vorwelt, Versuch 1: 1—24.
t. 1—13). Schlotheim,
Petrefactenkunde, 1820,
is regarded as published before
31 Dec. 1820.
Note 1.
The group to which a name is assigned
for the purposes of this Article
is determined
by the accepted taxonomic position of the type of the name.
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Nomina conservanda | 14 |
Examples:
The genus
Porella and its single species,
P. pinnata, were referred by Linnaeus
(Sp. Pl. 2: 1106. 1753) to the Musci; if the type specimen of
P. pinnata is accepted as
belonging to the Hepaticae,
the names were validly published in 1753.
The lectotype species of
Lycopodium L.
(Sp. Pl. 2: 1100. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 486. 1754)
is
L. clavatum L. (Sp. Pl. 2: 1101. 1753) and
the type specimen of this is currently accepted
as a pteridophyte. Accordingly, although the genus
is listed by Linnaeus among the Musci,
the generic name and the names of the pteridophyte species
included by Linnaeus under it
were validly published in 1753.
Note
2.
Whether a name applies to a taxon of fossil plants or of
recent
plants
is decided by reference to the specimen
that serves directly or indirectly as its
nomenclatural type.
The name of a species or infraspecific taxon
is treated as per-
taining to a
recent taxon
unless its type specimen is fossil in origin.
Fossil material
is distinguished from
recent material
by stratigraphic relations at the site of original
occurrence.
In cases of doubtful stratigraphic relations, regulations for
recent taxa
shall apply.
Note
3.
It is agreed to associate generic names
which first appear in Linnaeus’
Species Plantarum ed. 1 (1753) and ed. 2 (1762—63)
with the first subsequent
description
given under those names in Linnaeus’
Genera Plantarum ed. 5 (1754)
and ed. 6 (1764)
(see Art. 41).
Note
4.
The two volumes of Linnaeus’
Species Plantarum ed. 1 (1753),
which
appeared in May and August, 1753, respectively,
are treated as having been published
simultaneously
on the former date (1 May 1753).
Example:
The generic names
Thea L. Sp. Pl. 515 (May 1753) and
Camellia L. Sp. Pl. 698
(Aug. 1753),
Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 311 (1754)
are treated as having been published simultaneously
in May 1753.
Under Art. 57
the combined genus bears the name
Camellia, since Sweet
(Hort. Suburb. Land. 157. 1818),
who was the first to unite the two genera, chose that
name, citing
Thea as a synonym.
In order to avoid disadvantageous changes in the nomenclature
of genera, families,
and intermediate taxa entailed
by the strict application of the rules,
and especially
of the principle of priority
in starting from the dates given in Art.
13,
this Code
provides, in
Appendices II and
III,
lists of names that are conserved
(nomina con-
servanda)
and must be retained as useful exceptions.
Conservation aims at retention
of those generic names
which best serve stability of nomenclature. (See Rec.
50E.)
Note 1.
These lists of conserved names will remain permanently
open for addi-
tions.
Any proposal of an additional name must be accompanied
by a detailed
statement of the cases both for
and against its conservation. Such proposals must
be submitted to the General Committee (see
Division III),
which will refer them
for examination
to the committees for the various taxonomic groups.
Note 2.
The application of both conserved and rejected names
is determined
by nomenclatural types.
Note 3.
A conserved name is conserved against all other names
in the same rank
based on the same type
(nomenclatural synonyms, which are to be rejected)
whether
these are cited in the corresponding list
of rejected names or not,
and against those
names based on different types
(taxonomic synonyms) that are cited in that list.
When a conserved name competes with one or more other
names based on different
types and against
which it is not explicitly conserved, the earliest
of the competing
names is adopted in accordance with Art.
57.
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15 | Nomina conservanda |
Examples:
If the genus
Weihea Spreng. (1825) is united with
Cassipourea Aubl. (1775),
the combined genus will bear the prior name
Cassipourea, although
Weihea is conserved and
Cassipourea is not.
If
Mahonia Nutt. (1818) is united with
Berberis L. (1753),
the combined genus will bear
the prior name
Berberis, although
Mahonia is conserved.
Nasturtium R. Br. (1812) was conserved
only in the restricted sense, for a monotypic
genus based on
N. officinale R. Br.; hence, if it is reunited with
Rorippa Scop. (1760), it
must bear the name
Rorippa.
Note 4.
When a name of a genus has been conserved
against an earlier name
based on a different type,
the latter is to be restored, subject to Art.
11,
if it is
considered the name of a genus
distinct from that of the
nomen conservandum
except
when the earlier rejected name is
a homonym of the conserved name.
Example:
The generic name
Luzuriaga Ruiz et Pav. (1802)
is conserved against the earlier
names
Enargea Banks et Sol. ex Gaertn. (1788) and
Callixene Comm. ex Juss. (1789). If,
however,
Enargea Banks et Sol. ex Gaertn.
is considered to be a separate genus, the name
Enargea is retained for it.
Note 5. A conserved name is conserved against all its earlier homonyms.
Example:
The generic name
Smithia Ait. (1789), conserved against
Damapana Adans.,
is
thereby conserved automatically against the earlier homonym
Smithia Scop. (1777).
Note 6.
Provision for the conservation of a name in a sense
that excludes the
original type is made in Art.
48.
Note 7.
When a name is conserved
only to preserve a particular orthography,
it is to be attributed without change of priority
to the author who originally
described the taxon.
When a name proposed for conservation
has been approved by the General
Committee after study
by the Committee for the taxonomic group concerned,
botanists
are authorized to retain it
pending the decision of a later
International Botanical
Congress.
When a name proposed for conservation has been referred
to the appropriate Committee
for study,
botanists should follow existing usage as far as possible
pending the General
Committee’s recommendation
on the proposal.
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Names of higher taxa | 16—18 |
Chapter III. NOMENCLATURE OF TAXA ACCORDING TO THEIR RANK
Section 1. NAMES OF TAXA ABOVE THE RANK OF FAMILY
The principles of priority and typification do not affect
the form of names of
taxa above the rank of family.
(See Arts.
10
and
11.)
(a)
The name of a division is preferably taken
from characters indicating the nature of
the division
as closely as possible; it should end in
-phyta, except when it is a division of
FUNGI,
in which case it should end in
-mycota. Words of Greek origin are generally
preferable.
The name of a subdivision is formed in a similar manner;
it is distinguished from a
divisional name
by an appropriate prefix or suffix or by the ending
-phytina, except when
it is a subdivision of
FUNGI,
in which case it should end in
-mycotina.
(b)
The name of a class or of a subclass is formed
in a similar manner and should end
as follows:
1. In the ALGAE: -phyceae (class) and -phycidae (subclass);
2. In the FUNGI: -mycetes (class) and -mycetidae (subclass);
3. In the CORMOPHYTA: -opsida (class) and -idae (subclass).
If the name of an order is
based on the stem of a name of a family,
it must have
the ending
-ales.
If the name of a suborder is
based on the stem of a name of a
family,
it must have the ending
-ineae.
Note 1.
Names intended as names of orders, but published
with their rank
denoted by a term such as
“Cohors”, “Nixus”, “Alliance”, or “Reihe” instead of
ordo are treated as having been published as names of orders.
Note 2.
When the name of an order or suborder
based on the stem of a name
of a family
has been published with an improper termination, the ending
is to be
changed
to accord with the rule, without change of the author’s name.
Examples of
names of orders:
Fucales, Polygonales, Centrospermae, Parietales,
Farinosae,
Ustilaginales; suborders:
Enantioblastae, Bromeliineae, Malvineae.
Authors should not publish new names of orders for taxa of
that rank which include a
family from whose name
an existing ordinal name is derived.
Section 2. NAMES OF FAMILIES AND SUBFAMILIES,
TRIBES AND SUBTRIBES
The name of a family is a plural adjective used as a substantive; it is formed
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19 | Names of subfamilies |
by adding the suffix
-aceae to the stem of a legitimate name
of an included genus
(see also Art.
10).
(For the treatment of final vowels of sterns in composition,
see
Rec
73G).
Examples: Rosaceae (from Rosa), Salicaceae (from Salix), Plumbaginaceae (from Plumbago),
Caryophyllaceae, nom. cons. (from
Caryophylus Mill. non L.),
Winteraceae, nom. cons. (from
Wintera Murr., an illegitimate synonym of
Drimys J. R. et G. Forst.).
Names intended as names of families, but published
with their rank denoted by
one of the terms order
(ordo) or natural order
(ordo naturalis) instead of family,
are treated as having been published as names of families.
Note 1.
A name of a family based on the stem of an illegitimate
generic name
is illegitimate unless conserved. Contrary to
Art. 32 (2)
such a name is validly
published if it complies
with the other requirements for valid publication.
Note 2.
When a name of a family has been published with an improper termina-
tion, the ending
is to be changed to accord
with the rule, without change of the
author’s name.
(See Art. 32, Note 1.)
Note 3.
The following names, sanctioned by long usage,
are treated as validly
published:
Palmae
(Arecaceae; type,
Areca L.);
Gramineae
(Poaceae; type,
Poa L.);
Cruciferae
(Brassicaceae; type,
Brassica L.);
Leguminosae
(Fabaceae; type,
Faba
Mill. (=
Vicia L. p.p.);
Guttiferae
(Clusiaceae; type,
Clusia L.);
Umbelliferae
(Apiaceae; type,
Apium L.);
Labiatae
(Lamiaceae; type,
Lamium L.);
Compositae
(Asteraceae; type,
Aster L.).
Botanists are authorized, however,
to use as alternatives the appropriate names
ending in
-aceae.
When the
Papilionaceae are regarded as a family distinct
from the remainder
of the
Leguminosae, the name
Papilionaceae is conserved against
Leguminosae. The
alternative name is Fabaceae. This is an unique exception to Art. 51.
The name of a subfamily is a plural adjective
used as a substantive; it is formed
by adding the suffix
-oideae to the stem of a legitimate name of an included genus.
A tribe is designated in a similar manner, with the ending
-eae, and a subtribe
similarly with the ending
-inae.
The name of any taxon of a rank below family
and above genus which includes
the type
genus of the
correct name of the family
to which it is assigned
is to be based
on the
name of that genus, but without
the citation of an author’s name
(see Art.
46).
This provision applies only to the names of those taxa
which include the type of the
correct name of the family;
the type of the correct name of each such taxon
is the
same as that of the correct name of the family.
Note 1.
Names of other taxa of a rank below family
and above genus are subject
to the provisions of priority.
Examples:
The subfamily including the type genus of the family Ericaceae
(Erica L.) is
called subfamily Ericoideae,
and the tribe including this genus is called tribe Ericeae.
How-
ever, the correct name of the tribe including both
Rhododendron L., the type genus
of the
subfamily Rhododendroideae Endl., and
Rhodora L. is Rhodoreae G. Don
(the oldest legitimate
name), and not Rhododendreae.
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Generic names | 19—20 |
The subfamily of the family Asteraceae
(nom. alt., Compositae) including
Aster L., the
type genus of the family name,
is called subfamily Asteroideae,
and the tribe and subtribe
including
Aster are called Astereae and Asterinae, respectively.
However, the correct name of
the tribe including both
Cichorium L., the type genus of the subfamily
Cichorioideae Kita-
mura, and
Lactuca L. is Lactuceae Cass., not Cichorieae,
while that of the subtribe including
both
Cichorium and
Hyoseris L. is Hyoseridinae Less., not Cichoriinae.
The first valid publication of a name of a taxon
at a rank below family and above
genus which does not
include the type of the correct name of the family
automatically
establishes the name of another taxon
at the same rank which does include that type.
Such autonyms (automatically established names)
are not to be taken
into conside-
ration for purposes of priority.
However, when no earlier name is available,
they may
be adopted as new in another position.
The name of a subdivision of a family
may not be based on the same stem of a
generic name
as is the name of the family or of any subdivision of the same family
unless it has the same type as that name.
Note
2.
When a name of a taxon
assigned to one of the above
categories has been
published with an improper termination,
such as
-eae for a subfamily or
-oideae
for a tribe,
the ending must be changed to accord with the rule,
without change
of the author’s name.
However, when the rank of the group is changed
by a later
author, his name is then cited as author for the name
with the appropriate ending,
in the usual way.
Example:
The subfamily name
Climacieae Grout (Moss Fl. N. Am. 3; 4. 1928)
is to
be
changed to
Climacioideae with rank and author’s name unchanged.
If it is held necessary
to change the rank of this taxon
to a tribe, then the name
Climacieae
is to be used followed
by the name of the author making the change.
If a legitimate name is not available
for a taxon of a rank below family and above genus
which includes the type genus of the name of another higher
or lower taxon (e.g., subfamily,
tribe, or subtribe),
but not that of the family to which it is assigned,
the new name of that
taxon
should be based on the same generic name
as the name of the higher or lower taxon.
Examples:
Three tribes of the family Ericaceae,
none of which includes the nomenclatural
type of the family
(Erica L.), are Pyroleae D. Don, Monotropeae D. Don,
and Vaccinieae D.
Don.
The names of the later-described subfamilies Pyroloideae A. Gray,
Monotropoideae
A. Gray, and Vaccinioideae Endl.
are based on the same generic names.
Section 3. NAMES OF GENERA AND SUBDIVISIONS OF GENERA
The name of a genus is a substantive in the singular number,
or a word treated
as such. It may be taken from any source whatever,
and may even be composed in
an absolutely arbitrary manner.
Examples:
Rosa, Convolvulus, Hedysarum, Bartramia,
Liquidambar, Gloriosa, Impatiens,
Rhododendron,
Manihot, Ifloga (an anagram of
Filago).
The name of a genus may not coincide with a technical term
currently used in
morphology unless it was published
before 1 Jan. 1912 and was accompanied, when
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20 | Generic names |
originally published, by a specific name published
in accordance with the binary
system of Linnaeus.
Examples:
The generic name
Radicula Hill (Brit. Herbal 264. 1756)
coincides with the
technical term
radicula (radicle) and, when originally published, was not
accompanied by
a specific name in accordance with the Linnaean system.
The name is correctly attributed
to Moench (Meth. 262. 1794),
who first combined it with specific epithets, but at that time
he included in the genus the type-species of the generic name
Rorippa Scop. (F1. Carn. 520.
1760).
Radicula Moench is therefore rejected in favour of
Rorippa.
Tuber Micheli ex Fr. (Syst. Myc. 2: 289. 1823)
was accompanied by binary specific
names, e.g.
Tuber cibarium, and is therefore admissible.
Names such as
Radix, Caulis, Folium, Spina, etc.,
cannot now be validly published as
new generic names.
The name of a genus may not consist of two words,
unless these words are joined
by a hyphen.
Examples:
The generic name
Uva ursi Mill. (Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754) as originally
published consisted of two separate words unconnected by a hyphen,
and is therefore rejected;
the name is correctly attributed to
Duhamel (Traité Arbr. Arbust. 2: 371. 1755) as
Uva-ursi
(hyphened when published).
However, names such as
Quisqualis (formed by combining two words into one
when
originally published),
Sebastiano-Schaueria, and
Neves-Armondia (both hyphened when
originally published) are admissible.
Note.
The names of intergeneric hybrids are formed according
to the provisions
of Appendix I,
Art. H. 7.
The following are not to be regarded as generic names:
(1)
Words not intended as names.
Examples:
Anonymos Walt. (Fl. Carol. 2, 4, 9, etc. 1788)
is rejected as being a word
applied to 28 different genera
by Walter to indicate that they were without names.
Schaenoides and
Scirpoides, used by Rottböll
(Descr. Pl. Rar. Progr. 14, 27. 1772)
to
indicate unnamed genera resembling
Schoenus and
Scirpus which he stated (on page 7)
he intended to name later, are token words and not generic names.
Kyllinga Rottböll and
Fuirena Rottböll (Descr. Ic. Nov. Pl. 12, 70. 1773)
are the first legitimate names of these
genera.
(2) Unitary designations of species.
Examples:
F. Ehrhart
(Phytophylacium 1780, and Beitr. 4: 145-150. 1789)
proposed
unitary names for various species
known at that time under binary names, e.g.
Phaeocephalum
for
Schoenus fuscus, and
Leptostachys for
Carex leptostachys.
These names, which resemble
generic names,
should not be confused with them and
are to be rejected,
unless they have
been published as generic names
by a subsequent author; for example, the name
Baeothryon,
employed as a unitary name of a species by Ehrhart,
was subsequently published as a
generic name by
A. Dietrich (Sp. Pl. 2(2): 89. 1833).
N. J. de Necker in his Elementa Botanica, 1790,
proposed unitary designations for his
“species naturales”.
These names, which resemble generic names,
are not to be treated as
such,
unless they have been published as generic names
by a subsequent author; for example
Anthopogon,
employed by Necker for one of his “species naturales”,
was published as a
generic name by Rafinesque:
Anthopogon Raf. (Fl. Tell. 3: 25). 1837, non Nuttall 1818).
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Names of subdivisions of genera | 20—21 |
Botanists who are forming generic names should comply with the following suggestions:
(a) To use Latin terminations insofar as possible.
(b) To avoid names not readily adaptable to the Latin language.
(c) Not to make names which are very long or difficult to pronounce in Latin.
(d) Not to make names by combining words from different languages.
(e)
To indicate, if possible,
by the formation or ending of the name
the affinities or
analogies of the genus.
(f) To avoid adjectives used as nouns.
(g)
Not to use a name similar to
or derived from the epithet of one of the species of
the taxon.
(h)
Not to dedicate genera to persons
quite unconnected with botany or at least with
natural science.
(i)
To give a feminine form to all personal generic names,
whether they commemorate
a man or a woman
(see Rec. 73B).
(j)
Not to form generic names by combining parts of
two existing generic names, e.g.
Hordelymus from
Hordeum and
Elymus, because such names are likely to be confused
with names of intergeneric hybrids (see Art.
H. 7).
The name of a subdivision of a genus
is a combination of a generic name and
a subdivisional epithet
connected by a term (subgenus, section, series, etc.)
denoting
its rank.
The epithet is either of the same form as a generic name,
or a plural adjective
agreeing in gender with the generic name
and written with a capital initial letter.
The epithet of a subgenus or section
is not
to be formed
from the name of the
genus
to which it belongs by adding the ending
-oides or
-opsis, or the prefix
Eu-.
Examples:
Costus subg.
Metacostus; Ricinocarpos sect.
Anomodiscus; Sapium subsect.
Patentinervia;
Euphorbia sect.
Tithymalus subsect.
Tenellae; but not
Carex sect.
Eucarex.
Note 1.
The use within the same genus of the same epithet
for subdivisions of
the genus, even if they are of different
rank, based on different types is illegitimate
under Art.
64.
Note 2.
The names of hybrids with the rank of a subdivision
of a genus are
formed
according to the provisions of Appendix I, Art.
H. 7.
When it is desired
to indicate the name of a subdivision of the genus
to which a
particular species belongs
in connection with the generic name and specific epithet,
its
epithet is placed in parentheses between the two;
when necessary, its rank is also indicated.
Examples:
Astragalus
(Cycloglottis)
contortuplicatus;
Astragalus
(Phaca)
umbellatus;
Lor-
anthus (sect.
Ischnanthus)
gabonensis.
The epithet of a subgenus or section
is preferably a substantive,
that of a subsection
or lower subdivision of a genus
preferably a plural adjective.
Botanists,
when proposing new epithets for subdivisions of genera,
should avoid those
in the form of a substantive
when other co-ordinate subdivisions of the same genus have
them in the form of a plural adjective, and vice-versa.
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22 | Autonyms |
They should also avoid, when proposing an epithet
for a subdivision of a genus, one
already used for
a subdivision of a closely related genus, or one which
is identical with
the name of such a genus.
If it is desired to indicate the resemblance
of a subgenus or section (other than the type
subgenus or section) of one genus to another genus, the ending
-oides or
-opsis may be
added to the name of that other genus
to form the epithet of the subgenus or section
concerned.
The subgenus or section
(but not subsection
or lower subdivision)
including the
type species of the correct name of the genus
to which it is assigned bears that
generic
name
unaltered as its epithet,
but without citation of an author’s name (see Art.
46).
The type of the correct name
of each such subgenus or section
is the same as that
of the generic name.
This provision does not apply to sections
which include the
type species of the names
of other subgenera of the genus.
The names of such sections
are subject
to the provisions of priority;
they may repeat the name of the subgenus
if no other epithet is available
(see Rec. 22A).
The
first valid publication of a name
of a subgenus or section
which does not
include the type of the
correct name of the genus
automatically establishes the name
of another subgenus or section
respectively which
does include that
type
and which
bears as its epithet the generic name unaltered.
Such autonyms (automatically
estab-
lished names)
are not to be taken
into consideration
for purposes of priority.
How-
ever,
when no other epithet
is available,
the epithets of autonyms
may be adopted
as new in another position
or rank.
Examples:
The subgenus of
Malpighia L.
which includes the lectotype of the generic name
(M. glabra L.) is called
Malpighia subg.
Malpighia, and not
Malpighia subg.
Homoiostylis
Niedenzu.
Similarly, the section
including the lectotype
of the generic name is called
Mal-
pighia sect.
Malpighia, and not
Malpighia sect.
Apyrae DC.
However, the correct name of the section of the genus
Phyllanthus which includes both
P. casticum Willem., the type of the subgenus
Kirganelia (Juss.) Webster, and
P. reticulatus
Poir., the type of the section
Anisonema (Juss.) Griseb., is
Phyllanthus sect.
Anisonema (Juss.)
Griseb.,
the oldest legitimate name for that section, and not
Phyllanthus sect.
Kirganelia.
The final epithet in the name of a subdivision of a genus
may not repeat unchanged
the correct name of the genus,
except when the two names have the same type.
When the epithet of a subdivision of a genus
is identical with or derived from
the epithet
of one of its constituent species, this species is the type of the
name of
the subdivision
of the genus
unless the original author of that name
designated
another type.
Examples:
The type of
Euphorbia subg.
Esula Persoon (Syn. Pl. 2: 14. 1806) is
E. esula L.;
the designation of
E. peplus L. as lectotype by Croizat
(Rev. Sudamer. Bot. 6: 13. 1939)
is
rejected.
The type of
Lobelia
sect.
Eutupa Wimmer
(Ann. Nat. Mus. Wien 61: 365. 1948)
is
L. tupa L.
Note.
When the epithet of a subdivision of a genus
is identical with or derived
from the epithet
of a specific name that is a later homonym,
it is the species
designated by that later homonym,
whose correct name necessarily has a different
epithet,
that is the nomenclatural type.
A section including the type of the correct name
of a subgenus, but not including the type
of the
correct name of the genus, should, where there is no
obstacle under the rules, be given
the same epithet
and type as the subgenus.
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Specific names | 23 |
A subgenus not including the type of the correct
name of the genus should, where there
is no obstacle
under the rules, be given the same epithet and type
as one of its subordinate
sections.
Example:
Instead of using a new name at the subgeneric level,
Brizicky raised
Rhamnus L.
sect.
Pseudofrangula Grubov to the rank of subgenus as
Rhamnus subg.
Pseudofrangula
(Grubov) Brizicky.
The type species of both names is tbe same,
R. alnifolia L’Hér.
The name of a species is a binary combination
consisting of the name of the
genus
followed by a single specific epithet.
If an epithet consists of two or more
words, these
are to be united or hyphened.
An epithet not so joined when originally
published
is not to be rejected but, when used,
is to be united or hyphened.
The epithet of a species may be taken from any source
whatever, and may even
be composed arbitrarily.
Examples:
Cornus sanguinea, Dianthus monspessulanus,
Papaver rhoeas, Uromyces fabae,
Fumaria gussonei, Geranium robertianum,
Embelia sarasinorum, Atropa bella-donna,
Im-
patiens noli-tangere, Adiantum capillus-veneris,
Spondias mombin (an indeclinable epithet).
Symbols forming part of specific epithets
proposed by Linnaeus must be tran-
scribed.
Examples:
Scandix pecten ♀ L.
is to be transcribed as
Scandix pecten-veneris;
Veronica
anagallis∇ L.
is to be transcribed as
Veronica anagallis-aquatica.
The specific epithet may not exactly repeat
the generic name with or without the
addition
of a transcribed symbol (tautonym).
Examples: Linaria linaria, Nasturtium nasturtium-aquaticum.
The specific epithet,
when adjectival in form and not used as a substantive,
agrees
grammatically with the generic name.
Examples:
Helleborus niger, Brassica nigra, Verbascum nigrum;
Rubus amnicola,
the
specific epithet being an invariable Latin substantive;
Peridermium balsameum Peck, but also
Gloeosporium balsameae J. J. Davis,
both derived from the epithet of
Abies balsamea, the
specific epithet of which
is treated as a substantive in the second example.
The following are not to be regarded as specific epithets:
(1) Words not intended as names.
Examples:
Viola “qualis” Krocker
(Fl. Siles. 2: 512, 517. 1790);
Atriplex “nova” Winterl
(Ind. Hort. Bot. Univ. Pest. fol. A. 8, recto et verso, 1788),
the word
“nova” being here used
in connection
with four different species of
Atriplex.
(2) Ordinal adjectives used for enumeration.
Examples: Boletus vicesimus sextus, Agaricus octogesimus nonus.
(3)
Epithets published in works
in which the Linnaean system
of binary nomen-
clature for species
is not consistently employed.
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23—24 | Infraspecific names |
Example:
The name
Abutilon album Hill (Brit. Herbal 49. 1756)
is a descriptive phrase
reduced to two words,
not a binary name in accordance with the Linnaean system, and
is
to be rejected:
Hill’s other species was
Abutilon flore flavo.
(4) Formulae designating hybrids (see Art. H. 4).
Note.
Linnaeus is regarded as having used binary nomenclature
for species con-
sistently from 1753 onwards,
although there are exceptions, e.g.
Apocynum fol.
androsaemi L.
(Sp. Pl. 213. 1753
≡
Apocynum androsaemifolium L.
Sp. Pl. ed. 2.
311. 1762).
Names of men and women and also of countries and localities
used as specific epithets
may be substantives in the genitive
(clusii,
saharae) or adjectives
(clusianus,
dahuricus) (see
also Art. 73).
It will be well, in the future, to avoid the use
of the genitive and the adjectival form
of the same word
to designate two different species of the same genus; for example,
Lysimachia hemsleyana Maxim. (1891) and
L. hemsleyi Franch. (1895).
In forming specific epithets, botanists should comply also with the following suggestions:
(a) To use Latin terminations insofar as possible.
(b) To avoid epithets which are very long and difficult to pronounce in Latin.
(c) Not to make epithets by combining words from different languages.
(d) To avoid those formed of two or more hyphened words.
(e) To avoid those which have the same meaning as the generic name (pleonasm).
(f)
To avoid those which express a character
common to all or nearly all the species of
a genus.
(g)
To avoid in the same genus those
which are very much alike,
especially those which
differ only in their last letters
or in the arrangement of two letters.
(h) To avoid those which have been used before in any closely allied genus.
(i)
Not to adopt unpublished names found in correspondence,
travellers’ notes, herbarium
labels, or similar sources, attributing them
to their authors, unless these authors have
approved publication.
(j)
To avoid using the names of little-known
or very restricted localities, unless the
species is quite local.
Section 5. NAMES OF TAXA BELOW THE RANK OF SPECIES
(INFRASPECIFIC TAXA)
The name of an infraspecific taxon is a combination of the name of a species
and an infraspecific epithet connected by a term denoting its rank.
Infraspecific
epithets are formed as those of species and,
when adjectival in form and not used
as substantives,
they agree grammatically with the generic name.
Infraspecific epithets such as
typicus, originalis, originarius, genuinus, verus, and
veridicus, purporting to indicate the taxon containing
the nomenclatural type of the
next higher taxon,
are inadmissible and cannot be validly published
except where
they repeat the specific epithet
because Art.
26
requires their use.
The use of a binary combination for an infraspecific taxon is not admissible.
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Infraspecific names | 24—26 |
Examples: Andropogon ternatus subsp. macrothrix (not Andropogon macrothrix); Herniaria
hirsuta var. diandra (not Hernaria diandra); Trifolium stellatum forma nanum (not nana).
Names published in the form of e.g.
Andropogon ternatus subsp.
A. macrothrix are to be
altered to the proper form
without change of author’s name.
Saxifraga aizoon subforma
surculosa Engler & Irmscher can also be cited as
Saxifraga
aizoon var.
aizoon subvar.
brevifolia forma
multicaulis subforma
surculosa Engler & Irmscher;
by this
a
full classification of the subforma
within
the species is given.
Infraspecific taxa within different species
may bear the same epithets; those
within one species
may bear the same epithets as other species
(but see Rec. 24B).
Examples:
Rosa jundzillii var.
leioclada and
Rosa glutinosa var.
leioclada;
Viola tricolor
var.
hirta
in spite of the previous existence of a different species named
Viola hirta.
Note.
The use within the same species of the same epithet
for infraspecific taxa,
even if they are of different rank,
based on different types is illegitimate under
Art.
64.
Example:
Erysimum hieraciifolium subsp.
strictum var.
longisiliquum and
E. hieraciifolium
subsp.
pannonicum var.
longisiliquum.
Recommendations made for specific epithets (see Recs.
23A,
B)
apply equally to infra-
specific epithets.
Botanists proposing new infraspecific epithets
should avoid those previously used for
species
in the same genus.
For nomenclatural purposes,
a species or any taxon below the rank of species
is regarded as the sum of its subordinate taxa, if any.
The name of an infraspecific taxon
which includes the type of the
correct name
of the species
has as its final epithet
the same
epithet,
unaltered,
as that of the correct
name of the species,
but without citation of an author’s name (see Art.
46).
The
type of the correct name
of each such infraspecific taxon
is the same as that of the
correct name of
the species.
If the
epithet of the species
is changed, the names of
those infraspecific taxa
which include the type of
the name of the species
are changed
accordingly.
Examples:
The combination
Lobelia spicata var.
originalis McVaugh, which includes the
type of the name
Lobelia spicata Lam.,
is to be replaced by
Lobelia spicata Lam. var.
spicata.
Because under
Lobelia siphilitica L. there is described var.
ludoviciana A. DC., one must
write
Lobelia siphilitica L. var.
siphilitica if only that part of
L. siphilitica L. which includes
the type is meant.
The first
valid publication
of a name of an infraspecific taxon
which does not
include the type of the
correct name of the species
automatically establishes the name
of a second taxon
of the same rank which
does include
that
type and
has the same
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epithet
as the species.
Such autonyms
(automatically
established names)
are not to
be taken into consideration
for purposes of priority.
Where no other epithet
is
available,
the epithets of autonyms
may be adopted as new
in another position
or
rank.
Examples:
The publication in 1843 of the name
Lycopodium inundatum var.
bigelovii
Tuckerm.
automatically established the name of another variety,
Lycopodium inundatum L.
var.
inundatum, the type of which is that of the name
Lycopodium inundatum L.
If
Campanula gieseckiana subsp.
groenlandica (Berlin) Böcher and
C. gieseckiana Vest ex
Roem. & Schult. subsp.
gieseckiana are united as a subspecies of
C. rotundifolia L., the
correct name is
C. rotundifolia subsp.
groenlandica (Berlin) Löve & Löve,
since the sub-
specific epithet
gieseckiana is not to be taken into
consideration for purposes of priority.
In the classification adopted by Rollins & Shaw,
Lesquerella lasiocarpa (Hook. ex A. Gray)
Wats.
is composed of two subspecies, subsp.
lasiocarpa (which includes the type of the name
of the species and is cited without an author) and subsp.
berlandieri (A. Gray) Rollins &
Shaw.
The latter subspecies is composed of two varieties.
In this classification the correct
name
of the variety which includes the type of subsp.
berlandieri is not
L. lasiocarpa var.
berlandieri (A. Gray) Payson (1922) nor the autonym
L. lasiocarpa var.
berlandieri (cited
without an author)
but is instead
L. lasiocarpa var.
hispida (Wats.) Rollins & Shaw, based on
Synthlipsis berlandieri A. Gray var.
hispida Wats. (1882),
the oldest legitimate varietal name.
A variety including the type of the correct name
of a subspecies, but not including the
type
of the correct name of the species, should,
where there is no obstacle under the rules,
be given the same epithet and type as the subspecies.
A subspecies not including the type
of the correct name of the species should,
where there is no obstacle under the rules,
be
given the same epithet and type
as one of its subordinate varieties.
A taxon of lower rank than variety
which includes the type of the correct name
of a
subspecies or variety, but not
the type of the correct name of the species, should,
where
there is no obstacle under the rules,
be given the same epithet and type
as the subspecies or
variety.
On the other hand, a subspecies or variety
which does not include the type
of the
correct name of the species
shouid not be given the same epithet
as that of one of its sub-
ordinate taxa
below the rank of variety.
Examples:
Fernald treated
Stachys palustris subsp.
pilosa (Nutt.) Epling (1934)
as com-
posed of five varieties,
for one of which (that including the type of subsp.
pilosa) he made
the combination
S. palustris var.
pilosa (Nutt.) Fern. (1934),
there being no legitimate varietal
epithet available.
There being no legitimate epithet
available at the rank of subspecies,
Bonaparte (1915)
made the combination
Pteridium aquilinum subsp.
caudatum (L.) Bonap., using the same
epithet
that Sadebeck had used earlier (1897) in the combination
P. aquilinum var.
caudatum
(L.) Sadeb. (both names based on
Pteris caudata L.).
Each name is correct in its own rank,
and both can be used, as by Tryon (1940), who treated
P. aquilinum var.
caudatum as one
of four varieties under subspecies
caudatum.
The final
epithet
in the name of an infraspecific
taxon
may
not
repeat unchanged
the epithet
of the
correct name
of the species to which
the taxon
is assigned except
when
the two names
have
the same type.
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Section 6. NAMES OF PLANTS IN CULTIVATION
Plants brought from the wild into cultivation
retain the names
that are applied to
the same taxa growing in nature.
Examples:
Davallia canariensis and
Spiraea hypericifolia var.
obovata are taxa having the
same name
in both the wild and in cultivation.
Forms of
Chrysanthemum parthenium
brought
into cultivation
are not to be renamed
Matricaria eximia, Chiastophyllum
(Cotyledon)
oppositi-
folium
brought into cultivation
is not to be renamed
Cotyledon simplicifolia.
Variants of infraspecific rank,
which arise in cultivation through hybridization,
mutation, selection or other processes,
and which are of sufficient interest to cul-
tivators
to be distinguished by a name, receive cultivar epithets
preferably in com-
mon language (i.e.
fancy epithets)
markedly different
from the Latin epithets of
species and varieties.
Examples:
Anemone
× hybrida ‘Honorine Jaubert’,
Fraxinus excelsior ‘Westhofs Glorie’:
Juglans regia ‘King’,
Primula malacoides ‘Pink Sensation’ and
Viburnum
× bodnantense
‘Dawn’
are variants which have arisen
in cultivation and are recognized as cultivars.
Variants found growing in the wild: which are brought
into cultivation, may
also be given cultivar epithets.
Examples:
Phlox nivalis ‘Gladwyne’ and
P. nivalis ‘Azure’ are variants taken
into cultiva-
tion from the wild
for their horticultural interest.
Detailed regulations for the nomenclature of plants
in cultivation, including
graft-
chimaeras (sometimes called
“graft hybrids”), appear in the
International Code of
Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants.
For names of hybrid groups, both wild and cultivated, see Art. 40 and Appendix I.
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29—30 | Effective publication |
Chapter IV. EFFECTIVE AND VALID PUBLICATION
Section
1.
CONDITIONS AND DATES OF EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION
Publication is effected, under this Code,
only by distribution of printed matter
(through sale, exchange, or gift) to the general public
or at least to botanical institu-
tions
with libraries accessible to botanists generally.
It is not effected by communica-
tion of new names
at a public meeting, by the placing of names in collections
or
gardens open to the public,
or by the issue of microfilm made from manuscripts,
type-scripts or other unpublished material.
Offer for sale of printed matter
that does
not exist does not constitute effective publication.
Publication by indelible autograph before 1 Jan. 1953 is effective.
Note.
For the purpose of this Article,
handwritten material, even though repro-
duced
by some mechanical or graphic process
(such as lithography, offset, or metallic
etching),
is still considered as autographic.
Examples:
Effective publication without printed matter:
Salvia oxyodon Webb et Heldr.
was published in July 1850 in an autograph catalogue placed on sale
(Webb et Heldreich,
Catalogus Plantarum Hispanicarum
. . .
ab A. Blanco lectarum, Paris, July 1850, folio).
Effective publication in reproduced handwritten material:
H. Léveillé, Flore du Kouy
Tchéou (1914-15),
a work lithographed from the handwritten manuscript.
Non-effective publication at a public meeting:
Cusson announced his establishment of
the genus
Physospermum in a memoir read at
the Société des Sciences de Montpellier in
1770,
and later in 1782 or 1783 at the Société de Médecine de Paris,
but its effective
publication dates from 1787 in
the Mémoires de la Société Royale de Médecine de Paris
5(1): 279.
Publication on or after 1 Jan. 1953
of a new name in tradesmen’s catalogues or
non-scientific newspapers,
and on or after 1 Jan. 1973
in seed-exchange lists,
does
not constitute effective publication.
Authors are urged to avoid publishing new names or descriptions
in ephemeral publica-
tions, in popular periodicals,
in any publication unlikely to reach the general botanical public,
in those produced by such methods that their permanence
is unlikely, or in abstracting
journals.
The date of effective publication is the date
on which the printed matter became
available as defined
in Art. 29.
In the absence of proof establishing some other date,
the one appearing in the printed matter
must be accepted as correct.
Example:
Individual parts of Willdenow’s
Species Plantarum were published as follows:
1(1).
1797;
1(2), 1798;
2(1), 1799;
2(2), 1799 or January 1800;
3(1) (to page 850), 1800;
3(2)
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Valid publication | 31—32 |
(to page 1470), 1802;
3(3) (to page 2409), 1803
(and later than Michaux’s
Flora boreali-
americana);
4(1) (to page 630), 1805;
4(2), 1806;
these dates, which are partly in disagree-
ment
with those on the title-pages of the volumes,
are the dates of publication
(see Rhodora
44: 147-150. 1942).
When separates from periodicals or other works placed
on sale are issued in
advance, the date on the separate
is accepted as the date of effective publication
unless there is evidence that it is erroneous.
Example:
Publication in separates issued in advance: the
Selaginella species published
by Hieronymus in
Hedwigia 51: 241-272 (1912) were effectively published on 15 Oct. 1911,
since the volume in which the paper appeared states (p. ii)
that the separate appeared on
that date.
The date on which the publisher or his agent
delivers printed matter to one of the usual
carriers
for distribution to the public should be accepted
as its date of publication.
The distribution on or after 1 Jan. 1953 of printed matter
accompanying exsiccata
does not constitute effective publication.
Note.
If the printed matter is also distributed independently
of the exsiccata,
this constitutes effective publication.
Example:
Works such as
Schedae operis . . .
plantae finlandiae exsiccatae,
Helsingfors 1.
1906, 2. 1916, 3. 1933, 1944,
or Lundell et Nannfeldt,
Fungi exsiccati suecici etc., Uppsala
1-. . .,
1934-. . .,
distributed independently of the exsiccata,
whether published before or
after 1 Jan. 1953,
are effectively published.
Section 2. CONDITIONS AND DATES OF VALID PUBLICATION OF NAMES
In order to be validly published, a name of a taxon must
(1) be effectively
published
(see Art. 29);
(2) have a form which complies with the provisions of
Arts.
16–27 (but see Art. 18,
notes 1,
2, and
3) and Art.
H. 7;
(3) be accompanied
by a description or diagnosis * of the taxon
or by a reference (direct or indirect)
to a previously
and effectively published description or diagnosis of it
(except as
provided in
Art.
H. 9);
and
(4) comply with
the special provisions of
Arts.
33–45.
Note 1.
Names published with an incorrect Latin termination
but otherwise in
accordance with this Code
are regarded as validly published;
they are to be changed
to accord with Arts.
17–19,
21,
23, and
24,
without change of the author’s name.
Note
2.
An indirect reference is a clear indication,
by the citation of the author’s
name or in some other way,
that a previously and effectively published description
or diagnosis applies to the taxon to which the new name is given.
Examples of
names not validly published:
Egeria Néraud
(in Gaudichaud, in de Freycinet,
Voyage Monde Uranie et Physicienne, Bot. 25, 28. 1826),
published without a description
or a diagnosis
or a reference to a former one.
The name Loranthus macrosolen Steud. originally appeared without a description or
———————
*
A diagnosis of a taxon is a statement of that which
in the opinion of its author
distinguishes
the taxon from others.
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32 | Valid publication |
diagnosis on the printed tickets issued
about the year 1843 with Sect. II. no. 529, 1288,
of Schimper’s herbarium specimens of Abyssinian plants;
it was not validly published,
however, until A. Richard
(Tent. Fl. Abys. 1: 340. 1847) supplied a description.
Examples of
indirect reference:
Kratzmannia Opiz
(in Berchtold et Opiz, Oekon.-techn.
Fl. Böhmens 1/2: 398. 1836)
is published with a diagnosis, but it was not definitely accepted
by the author and is therefore not validly published.
It is accepted definitely in Opiz,
Seznam Rostlin Květeny České 56 (1852),
but without any description or diagnosis. The
citation
of “Kratzmannia O.” includes an indirect reference
to the previously published
diagnosis in 1836.
Opiz published the name of the genus
Hemisphace (Benth.) Opiz in Seznam Rostlin
Květeny České 50 (1852)
without a description or diagnosis, but as he wrote
Hemisphace
Benth. he indirectly referred
to the previously validly published description by Bentham,
Labiat. Gen. Sp. 193 (1833), of
Salvia sect.
Hemisphace.
The publication of the new combination
Cymbopogon martinii by W. Watson in Atkinson,
Gaz. NW. Provo India 10: 392 (1882)
is validated by the addition of the number “309”,
which, as explained at the top of the same page,
is the running-number of the species
(Andropogon martini Roxb.) in Steudel,
Syn. Pl. Glum. 1: 388 (1854).
Although the reference
to the synonym
Andropogon martini is indirect,
it is perfectly unambiguous.
Note
3.
In certain circumstances an illustration with analysis
is accepted as
equivalent to a description (see Arts.
42 and
44).
Note
4.
For names of plant taxa
originally published as names of animals,
see
Art.
45.
Publication of a name should not be validated solely
by a reference to a description or
diagnosis
published before 1753.
The description or diagnosis of any new taxon
should mention the points in which the
taxon
differs from its allies.
Authors should avoid adoption of a name or an epithet
which has been previously but
not validly published
for a different taxon.
In describing new taxa, authors should, when possible,
supply figures with details of
structure as an aid
to identification.
In the explanation of the figures, it is valuable
to indicate the specimen(s) on which
they are based.
Authors should indicate clearly and precisely the scale of the figures which they publish.
The description or diagnosis of parasitic plants
should always be followed by an indication
of the hosts,
especially those of parasitic fungi.
The hosts should be designated by their
scientific names
and not solely by names in modern languages,
the applications of which
are often doubtful.
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Valid publication | 33 |
A combination is not validly published unless the author
definitely indicates that
the epithet or epithets concerned
are to be used in that particular combination.
Examples of
combinations definitely indicated:
In Linnaeus’
Species Plantarum the
placing of the epithet
in the margin opposite the name of the genus clearly indicates
the
combination intended. The same result is attained in Miller’s
Gardeners Dictionary, ed. 8,
by the inclusion of the epithet
in parentheses immediately after the name of the genus, in
Steudel’s
Nomenclator Botanicus by the arrangement of the epithets
in a list headed by the
name of the genus, and in general
by any typographical device which indicates that an
epithet
is associated with a particular generic or other name.
Examples of
combinations not definitely indicated:
Rafinesque’s statement under
Blephilia
(Journ. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. 89: 98. 1819)
that “Le type de ce genre est la
Monarda
ciliata Linn.”
does not constitute publication of the combination
Blephilia ciliata, since he
did not indicate that
that combination was to be used. Similarly, the combination
Eulophus
peucedanoides
is not
to be ascribed to Bentham
on the basis of the listing of
Cnidium
peucedanoides H.B.K. under
Eulophus (Gen. Pl. 1: 885. 1867).
A new combination or a new name for a previously recognized
taxon published
on or after 1 Jan. 1953 is not validly published
unless its basionym (name-bringing
or epithet-bringing synonym)
or the replaced synonym (when a new name or epithet
is proposed)
is clearly indicated and a full and direct reference given
to its author
and original publication with page
or plate reference and date.
Note 1.
Mere reference to the
Index Kewensis, the
Index of Fungi, or any work
other than that
in which the name was validly published
does not constitute a full
and direct reference
to the original publication of a name.
Note 2.
Bibliographic errors of citation
do not invalidate the publication of a
new combination.
Example:
Fernald, in making the combination
Echinochloa muricata (Rhodora 17: 106.
1915), cited
Panicum muricatum Michx. (1803) as basionym,
although the latter is illegitimate,
being a later homonym of
Panicum muricatum Retz. (1786). Beauvois
(Ess. Agrost. 51, 170,
178. 1812)
had previously made the combination
Setaria muricata with basionym
Panicum
muricatum Michx.
Under the provisions of Art.
72,
Setaria muricata Beauv. is treated as a
new name,
not a new combination. The correct name of the species in the genus
Echinochloa
is
E. muricata (Beauv.) Fernald,
and the date of valid publication is that by Fernald in 1915,
although the publication by Beauvois was not cited by Fernald
in making the new com-
bination.
A name given to a taxon whose rank is at the same time
denoted by a misplaced
term (one contrary to Art.
5)
is treated as not validly published,
examples of such
misplacement being a form divided into varieties,
a species containing genera,
or
a genus containing families or tribes.
An exception is made for names of the infrageneric taxa
termed tribes
(tribus)
in Fries’
Systema Mycologicum,
which are treated as validly published.
Examples:
The names
Delphinium tribus
Involuta Huth (Bot. Jahrb. 20: 365. 1895), tribus
Brevipedunculata Huth (Bot. Jahrb. 20: 368), etc.,
are not validly published, since Huth
misapplied
the term “tribus” to a category of lower rank than section.
Gandoger, in his
Flora Europae (1883—1891),
applied the term species (“espèce”)
and
used binary nomenclature for two categories of taxa
of consecutive rank, the higher rank being
equivalent
to that of species in contemporary literature.
He misapplied the term species to
the lower rank
and the names of these taxa (“Gandoger’s microspecies”)
are not validly
published.
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A name is not validly published
(1) when it is not accepted by the author in the
original publication;
(2) when it is merely proposed in anticipation of the future
acceptance
of the group concerned, or of a particular circumscription, position,
or
rank of the group (so-called provisional name);
(3) when it is merely mentioned
incidentally;
(4) when it is merely cited as a synonym;
(5) by the mere mention
of the subordinate taxa
included in the taxon concerned.
Note 1.
Provision no. 1 does not apply to names or epithets
published with a
question mark or other indication
of taxonomic doubt, yet published and accepted
by the author.
Note 2.
By “incidental mention” of a new name or combination
is meant mention
by an author who does not intend
to introduce the new name or combination
concerned.
Examples:
(1) The name of the monotypic genus
Sebertia Pierre (msc.) was not validly
published by Baillon
(Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 945. 1891) because he did not accept it.
Although he gave a description of the taxon, he referred its only species
Sebertia acuminata
Pierre (msc.) to the genus
Sersalisia R. Br. as
Sersalisia ?
acuminata; under the provision of
Note 1
this combination is validly published.
The name
Sebertia Pierre (msc.)
was later validly
published by Engler
(in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. Nachtr. 1: 280. 1897).
(1) (2)
The generic name
Conophyton Haw., suggested by Haworth (Rev. Pl. Succ. 82.
1821) for
Mesembryanthemum sect.
Minima Haw. (Rev. Pl. Succ. 81. 1821) in the words
“If this section proves to be a genus, the name of
Conophyton would be apt”, was not
validly published,
since Haworth did not adopt that generic name nor accept that genus.
The correct name for the genus is
Conophytum N. E. Brown (Gard. Chron. III. 71: 198.
1922).
(3)
The generic name
Jollya was mentioned incidentally by Pierre
(Notes Bot. Sapot. 7.
1890) in the discussion of the stamens
of another genus and was therefore not validly
published
in that publication.
(4)
Acosmus Desv.
(in Desf. Cat. Pl. Hort. Paris ed. 3. 233. 1829),
cited as a synonym
of the generic name
Aspicarpa L. C. Rich.,
was not validly published thereby.
Ornithogalum undulatum Hort. Bouch. ex Kunth
(Enum. 4: 348. 1843), cited as a synonym
under
Myogalum boucheanum Kunth, was not validly published thereby;
when transferred
to
Ornithogalum, this species
is to be called
O. boucheanum (Kunth) Aschers.
(Oest. Bot.
Zeitschr. 16: 192. 1866).
Similarly
Erythrina micropteryx Poepp.
was not validly published by being cited as a
synonym of
Micropteryx poeppigiana Walp. (Linnaea 23: 740. 1850);
the species concerned,
when placed under
Erythrina,
is to be called
E. poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook
(U.S. Dep.
Agr. Bull. 25: 57. 1901).
(5)
The family name
Rhaptopetalaceae Pierre
(Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris 2: 1296. May 1897),
which was accompanied merely by mention of constituent genera,
Brazzeia,
Scytopetalum,
and
Rhaptopetalum, was not validly published,
as Pierre gave no description or diagnosis;
the
family bears the later name
Scytopetalaceae Engler
(in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam.
Nachtr. zu II-IV. 1: 242. 1897),
which was accompanied by a description.
The generic name
Ibidium Salisb.
(Trans. Hort. Soc. London 1: 291. 1812)
was published
merely with the mention of four included species.
As Salisbury supplied no generic description
or diagnosis,
his publication of
Ibidium is invalid.
When, on or after 1 Jan. 1953, two or more different names
(so-called alternative
names) are proposed simultaneously
for the same taxon by the same author, none of
them
is validly published (but see
Art. 59).
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Examples:
The species of
Brosimum described by Ducke
(Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro
3: 23-29. 1922)
were published with alternative names under
Piratinera added in a footnote
(pp. 23-24).
The publication of these names,
being effected before 1 Jan. 1953, is valid.
Euphorbia jaroslavii Poljakov
(Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad. URSS 15: 155. tab. 1953)
was published with an alternative name,
Tithymalus jaroslavii.
Neither name was validly
published. However, one of the names,
Euphorbia yaroslavii,
(with a different transliteration
of the initial letter)
was validly published by Poljakov
(Not. Syst. Herb. Inst. Bot. Acad.
URSS 21: 484. 1961),
who effectively published it with a new reference to
the earlier
publication
and simultaneously rejected the other name.
Authors should avoid publishing or mentioning
in their publications unpublished names
which they do
not accept, especially if the persons responsible
for these names have not
formally authorized their publication (see Rec.
23B, i).
A new name published on or after 1 Jan. 1953
without a clear indication of the
rank of the taxon concerned
is not validly published.
For such names published before 1 Jan. 1953
the choice made by the first author
who assigned a definite rank
is to be followed.
In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon
of plants, the bacteria,
algae, and all fossils excepted,
published on or after 1 Jan. 1935 must be accom-
panied
by a Latin description or diagnosis or by a reference
to a previously and
effectively published Latin description
or diagnosis of the taxon.
(But see
Art. H. 9.)
Example:
The names
Schiedea gregoriana Degener,
Fl. Hawaiiensis, fam. 119. 1936 (Apr.
9) and
S. kealiae Caum et Hosaka,
Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Occas. Papers 11(23): 3. 1936
(Apr. 10)
were proposed for the same plant; the type of the former
is a part of the original
material of the latter. Since the name
S. gregoriana is not accompanied by a Latin description
or diagnosis, the later
S. kealiae is the legitimate name.
In order to be validly published,
a name of a new taxon of
recent algae
published
on or after 1 Jan. 1958
must be accompanied by a Latin description
or diagnosis
or by a reference to a previously
and effectively published Latin description or
diagnosis.
Authors publishing names of new taxa of
recent
plants should give or cite a full description
in Latin
in addition to the diagnosis.
Publication on or after 1 Jan. 1958
of the name of a new taxon of the rank of
family or below
is valid only when the nomenclatural type is indicated
(see Arts.
7–10)
except as permitted
by Art.
H. 9
for names of certain
hybrids.
The indication of the nomenclatural type should
immediately follow the Latin description
or diagnosis
and should be given by the insertion of the Latin word
“typus” (or “holotypus”,
etc.) immediately before
or after the particulars of the type so designated.
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37—40 | Valid publication |
When the nomenclatural type of a new taxon is a specimen,
the place where it is
permanently conserved should be indicated.
In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon
of fossil plants of
specific or lower rank published
on or after 1 Jan. 1912 must be accompanied
by
an illustration or figure showing the essential characters,
in addition to the descrip-
tion or diagnosis,
or by a reference to a previously and effectively published
illustration or figure.
In order to be validly published, a name of a new taxon of
recent algae of
specific
or lower rank published on or after 1 Jan. 1958
must be accompanied by
an illustration or figure
showing the distinctive morphological features,
in addition
to the Latin description or diagnosis,
or by a reference to a previously and effectively
published illustration or figure.
In order to be validly published, names of hybrids
of specific or lower rank with
Latin epithets
must comply
with the same rules as those
pertaining to names
of non-
hybrid taxa of the same rank.
Examples:
The name
Nepeta
× faassenii Bergmans (Vaste Pl. ed. 2. 544. 1939)
with a
description in Dutch, and in Gentes Herb. 8: 64 (1949)
with a description in English, is not
validly published,
not being accompanied by or associated with a Latin description
or
diagnosis. The name
Nepeta
× faassenii Bergmans ex Stearn
(Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. Lond.
75: 405. 1950)
is validly published, being accompanied by a Latin description
with designa-
tion of type.
The name
Rheum
× cultorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter
(Norske Plantenavr. 95. 1948), being
here a
nomen nudum, is not validly published.
The name
Fumaria
× salmonii Druce (List Brit. Pl. 4. 1908),
is not validly published,
because only its presumed parentage
F. densiflora ×
F. officinalis is stated here.
Note.
For names of hybrids of the rank of genus
or subdivision of a genus,
see
Appendix I,
Art. H. 9.
For purposes of priority, names and epithets
in Latin form given to hybrids are
subject to the same rules
as are those of non-hybrid taxa of equivalent rank.
Examples:
The name
× Solidaster Wehrhahn
(in Bonstedt, Pareys Blumengärtn. 2: 525.
1932)
antedates the name
× Asterago Everett (Gard. Chron. III. 101. 6. 1937)
for the hybrid
Aster ×
Solidago.
The name
× Gaulnettya W. J. Marchant
(Choice Trees, Shrubs 83. 1937) antedates the
name
× Gaulthettia Camp
(Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 66: 26. 1939) for the hybrid
Gaultheria ×
Pernettya.
Anemone
× hybrida Paxton (Mag. Bot. 15: 239. 1848)
antedates
A.
× elegans Decaisne
(Revue Hort. IV. 1: 41. 1852), pro sp.,
as the binomial for the hybrids derived from
A.
hupehensis ×
A. vitifolia.
In 1927, Aimée Camus (Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. 33: 538. 1927)
published the name
Agroelymus as the “generic” name
of an intergeneric hybrid,
without a Latin diagnosis or
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description, mentioning only the names of the parents involved
(Agropyron and
Elymus).
Since this name was not validly published under the Code
then in force (Stockholm 1950),
Jacques Rousseau,
in 1952 (Mém. Jard. Bot. Montréal 29: 10-11),
published a Latin
diagnosis.
However, the date of valid publication of the name
Agroelymus under this Code
is 1927, not 1952,
and the name also antedates
× Elymopyrum Cugnac
(Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.
Ardennes 33: 14. 1938)
which is accompanied by a statement of parentage
and a description
in French but not Latin.
In order to be validly published,
a name of a genus must be accompanied
(1) by
a description or diagnosis of the genus, or
(2) by a reference (direct or indirect)
to a previously and effectively published description
or diagnosis of the genus in
that rank
or as a subdivision of a genus.
An exception is made for the generic names
first published by Linnaeus in
Species Plantarum ed. 1 (1753) and ed. 2 (1762—63),
which are treated as having
been validly published
on those dates (see Art. 13,
Note 3).
Note.
In certain circumstances,
an illustration with analysis is accepted
as
equivalent to a generic description (see Art.
42).
Examples of
validly published generic names:
Carphalea Juss. (Gen. 198. 1789),
accom-
panied by a generic description;
Thuspeinanta Th. Dur. (Ind. Gen. Phan. x. 1888),
accom-
panied by a reference to the previously described genus
Tapeinanthus Boiss. (non Herb.);
Aspalathoides (DC.) K. Koch (Hort. Dendrol. 242. 1853),
based on a previously described
section,
Anthyllis sect.
Aspalathoides DC.
The publication of the name of a monotypic new genus
based on a new species
is validated either by
(1) the provision of a combined generic and specific descrip-
tion
(descriptio generico-specifica) or diagnosis, or
(2), for generic names published
before 1 Jan. 1908,
by the provision of an illustration with analysis
showing essential
characters (see Art. 32,
Note
3).
Examples:
Piptolepis phillyreoides
Benth.
(Pl. Hartw. 29. 1840)
is a new species assigned
to the monotypic new genus
Piptolepis published
with a combined generic
and specific
description.
–
The generic name
Philgamia Baill. (in Grandidier, Hist. Madag. Pl. Atlas 3:
pl. 265. 1894)
was validly published, as it appeared on a plate with analysis of
P. hibbertioides
Baill. published before 1 Jan. 1908.
A
description or diagnosis
of a new species assigned to a monotypic
new genus
is treated also
as a generic description or diagnosis
if the genus is not separately
defined.
However, the name
of a monotypic genus of fossil plants published on or
after 1 Jan. 1953 must be accompanied
by a description or diagnosis of the genus.
A description or diagnosis of a monotypic new genus
based on a new species is
treated also as a specific description
or diagnosis if the generic name and specific
epithet
are published together and the species is not separately defined.
Example:
Strophioblachia fimbriicalyx Boerl.
(Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 3(1): 236. 1900)
is a
new species without separate definition,
assigned to the monotypic new genus
Strophioblachia
which is treated as published
with a combined generic and specific description.
Note.
Single figures of microscopic plants
showing the details necessary for
identification
are considered as illustrations with analysis
showing essential
characters.
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43—45 | Valid publication |
A name of a taxon below the rank of genus is not validly
published unless the
name of the genus or species
to which it is assigned is validly published at the same
time
or was validly published previously.
Examples:
Suaeda baccata,
S. vera, and names for four other species of
Suaeda were
published with diagnosis and descriptions
by Forskål (Fl. Aegypt.-Arab. 69-71. 1775)
but he
provided no diagnosis or description for the genus:
these specific names were therefore,
like
the generic name, not validly published by him.
In 1880, Müller Argoviensis (Flora 63: 286)
published the new genus
Phlyctidia with
the species
P. hampeana n. sp.,
P. boliviensis (=
Phlyctis boliviensis Nyl.),
P. sorediiformis
(=
Phlyctis sorediiformis Krempelh.),
P. brasiliensis (=
Phlyctis brasiliensis Nyl.), and
P. andensis (=
Phlyctis andensis Nyl.).
These specific names are, however,
not validly
published in this place,
because the generic name
Phlyctidia was not validly published;
Müller gave no generic description or diagnosis
but only a description and a diagnosis of
the new species
P. hampeana. This description and diagnosis
cannot validate the generic
name as a
descriptio generico-specifica under Art. 42,
since the new genus was not mono-
typic.
The first valid publication of the name
Phlyctidia was made by Müller in 1895
(Hedwigia 34: 141),
where a short generic diagnosis was given.
The only species mentioned
here were
P. ludoviciensis n. sp. and
P. boliviensis (Nyl.).
The latter combination was validly
published in 1895
by the reference to the basionym.
Note.
This Article applies also to specific
and other epithets published under
words
not to be regarded as generic names
(see Art. 20).
Examples:
The binary combination
Anonymos aquatica Walt. (Fl. Carol. 230. 1788)
is
not validly published.
The correct name for the species concerned is
Planera aquatica J. F.
Gmel. (1791),
and the date of the epithet
aquatica for purposes of priority is 1791.
The
species must not be cited as
Planera aquatica (Walt.) J. F. Gmel.
If, however, it is desired
to indicate that the epithet
originated with Walter, the name may be cited as
Planera
aquatica
Walt.
ex J. F. Gmel.
The binary combination
Scirpoides paradoxus Rottböll
(Descr. Pl. Rar. Progr. 27. 1772)
is
not validly published since
Scirpoides is a word not intended as a generic name.
The first
validly published name for this species is
Fuirena umbellata Rottböll (Descr. Ic. Pl. 70. 1773).
The name of a species or of an infraspecific taxon
published before 1 Jan. 1908
is validly published
if it is accompanied only by an illustration with analysis
showing
essential characters (see Art. 32,
Note
3).
Note.
Single figures of microscopic plants
showing the details necessary for
identification
are considered as illustrations with analysis
showing essential
characters.
Examples:
Panax nossibiensis Drake
(in Grandidier, Hist. Madag. Pl. Atlas 3:
pl. 406.
1896),
published on a plate with analyses.
–
Eunotia gibbosa Grunow
(in Van Heurck, Syn.
Diat. Belg.
pl. 35, fig. 13. 1881),
a name of a diatom published
with a single figure of
the valve.
The date of a name or of an epithet
is that of its valid publication.
When the
various conditions for valid publication
are not simultaneously fulfilled,
the date
is that on which the last is fulfilled.
A name published on
or after 1 Jan. 1973 for
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which the various conditions
for valid publication
are not simultaneously fulfilled
is
not validly published
unless a full and direct reference
is given to the place or places
where these requirements
were previously fulfilled.
Example:
Specimens of
Mentha foliicoma Opiz were distributed by Opiz in 1832,
but
the name dates from 1882, when it was validly published
by Déséglise (Bull. Soc.
Étud.
Sci. Angers 1881-82: 210. 1882).
Note.
A correction of the original spelling of a name or epithet
(see Art. 73)
does not affect its date of valid publication.
Example:
The correction of the orthographic error in
Gluta benghas L. (Mant. 293. 1771)
to
Gluta renghas L. does not affect the date
of publication of the epithet
renghas (1771) even
though the correction
dates only from 1883 (Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 225).
For purposes of priority only legitimate names and epithets
are taken into con-
sideration (see Arts.
11,
63–67).
However, validly published earlier homonyms,
whether legitimate or not,
shall cause rejection of their later homonyms
(unless the
latter are conserved).
If a taxon is transferred from the animal
to the plant kingdom, its name or
names available * under
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
and
validly published in the form provided
in the botanical Code (except that for algae
validity
under the zoological rules only is required)
shall be automatically accepted
as having been validly published
under this Code at the time of its valid publication
as the name of an animal (see, however, Art.
65).
Example:
Amphiprora Ehrenberg
(Abh. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1841: 401. 1843)
was pub-
lished as the name of a genus of animals
which was transferred to the plant kingdom in
1844 by Kuetzing;
it has priority in botanical nomenclature from 1843, not 1844.
Authors publishing a name of a new taxon in works
written in a modem language (floras,
catalogues, etc.)
should simultaneously comply with the requirements of valid publication.
Authors should indicate precisely the dates of publication
of their works.
In a work
appearing in parts the last-published sheet of the volume
should indicate the precise dates
on which the different fascicles
or parts of the volume were published
as well as the number
of pages and plates in each.
On separately printed and issued copies of works
published in a periodical, the date
(year, month, and day),
the name of the periodical, the number of its volume or parts,
and
the original pagination should be indicated.
———————
*
The word “available” in
the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
is equivalent
to “legitimate” in
the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
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46 | Citation |
Section 3. CITATION OF AUTHORS’ NAMES AND OF LITERATURE
FOR PURPOSES OF PRECISION
For the indication of the name of a taxon to be accurate
and complete, and in
order that the date may be readily
verified, it is necessary to cite the name of the
author(s) who first validly published the name concerned
unless the provisions of
Arts.
19,
22, or
26 apply.
Examples:
Rosaceae Juss.,
Rosa L.,
Rosa gallica L.,
Rosa gallica var.
eriostyla R. Keller,
Rosa gallica L. var.
gallica.
Authors’ names put after names of plants
may be abbreviated, unless they are very short.
For this purpose, particles are suppressed
unless they are an inseparable part of the name,
and the first letters are given without any omission
(Lam. for J.B.P.A. Monet Chevalier de
Lamarck,
but De Wild. for É. De Wildeman).
If a name of one syllable is long enough
to make it worth while to abridge it,
the first
consonants only are given
(Fr. for Elias Magnus Fries);
if the name has two or more
syllables,
the first syllable and the first letter of the following one
are taken, or the two
first when both are consonants
(Juss. for Jussieu,
Rich. for Richard).
When it is necessary to give more of a name
to avoid confusion between names beginning
with the same syllable,
the same system is to be followed.
For instance, two syllables are
given together
with the one or two first consonants of the third;
or one of the last charac-
teristic consonants of the name is added
(Bertol. for Bertoloni, to distinguish it from Bertero;
Michx. for Michaux, to distinguish it from Micheli).
Given names or accessory designations
serving to distinguish two botanists of the same
name
are abridged in the same way
(Adr. Juss. for Adrien de Jussieu,
Gaertn. f. for Gaertner
filius,
R. Br. for Robert Brown,
A. Br. for Alexander Braun,
J. F. Gmelin for Johann Friedrich
Gmelin,
J. G. Gmelin for Johann Georg Gmelin,
C. C. Gmelin for Carl Christian Gmelin,
S. G. Gmelin for Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin,
Müll. Arg. for Jean Müller of Aargau).
When it is a well-established custom
to abridge a name in another manner,
it is best
to conform to it
(L. for Linnaeus, DC. for de Candolle,
St.-Hil. for Saint Hilaire,
H.B.K.
for Humboldt, Bonpland et Kunth,
F. v. Muell. for Ferdinand von Mueller).
When a name has been published jointly by two authors,
the names of both should be
cited, linked by means of the word
et or by an ampersand (&).
When a name has been published
jointly by more than two authors,
the citation should
be restricted
to that of the first one followed by
et al.
Examples:
Didymopanax gleasonii Britton et Wilson
(or Britton & Wilson);
Streptomyces
albo-niger Hesseltine,
J. N. Porter, Deduck, Hauck, Bohonos, & J. H. Williams
(Mycologia
46: 19. 1954)
should be cited as
S. albo-niger Hesseltine et al.
When
an
author who first
validly publishes
a name ascribes it to another
person, the
correct author citation
is the name of the actual
publishing author,
but the name of the
other
person,
followed by the connecting word
ex, may be inserted
before the name of the pub-
lishing author, if desired.
The same holds for names of garden origin
ascribed to
“hort.”
(hortulanorum).
Examples: Gossypium tomentosum Seem. or G. tomentosum Nutt. ex Seem. – Lithocarpus
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polystachya
(A. DC.) Rehder or
L. polystachya
(Wall. ex A. DC.) Rehder
–
Orchis rotundi-
folia Pursh or
O. rotundifolia Banks ex Pursh
–
Carex stipata Willd. or
C. stipata Muhl. ex
Willd.
–
Gesneria donklarii
Hook. or
G. donklarii
hort. ex Hook.
When a name with a description or diagnosis
(or reference to a description or diagnosis)
supplied by one author is published in a work
by another author, the word
in should be
used to connect the names
of the two authors. In such cases the name of the author
who
supplied the description or diagnosis
is the most important and should be retained
when it
is desirable to abbreviate such a citation.
Examples:
Viburnum ternatum Rehder
in Sargent, Trees and Shrubs 2: 37. 1907, or
Viburnum ternatum Rehder.
–
Teucrium charidemii Sandwith
in Lacaita, Cavanillesia 3:
38. 1930, or
Teucrium charidemii Sandwith.
When an author who first validly
publishes a name ascribes it
to an author who published
the name before the starting point of the group concerned (see Art.
13),
the
author citation
may include,
when such indication is considered useful or desirable,
the name of the pre-
starting-point
author followed by
ex as in
Rec. 46C.
Examples:
Lupinus
L. or
Lupinus
Tourn. ex L.
–
Boletus piperatus
Fr. or
B. piperatus
Bulliard ex Fr.
Authors of new names of taxa should not use the expression
nobis
(nob.)
or a similar
reference to themselves as an author citation
but should cite their own names in each instance.
An alteration of the diagnostic characters
or of the circumscription of a taxon
without the exclusion
of the type does not warrant the citation of the name
of an
author other than the one who first published its name.
When the alteration mentioned in Art. 47 has been considerable,
the nature of the change
may be indicated by adding such words,
abbreviated where suitable, as
emendavit
(emend.)
(followed by the name of the author responsible for the change),
mutatis characteribus
(mut.
char.),
pro parte
(p.p.),
excluso genere or
exclusis generibus
(excl. gen.),
exclusa specie or
exclusis speciebus
(excl. sp.),
exclusa varietate or
exclusis varietatibus
(excl. var.),
sensu amplo
(s. ampl.),
sensu stricto
(s. str.), etc.
Examples:
Phyllanthus L. emend. Müll. Arg.;
Globularia cordifolia L. excl. var. (emend.
Lam.).
When an author circumscribes a taxon in such a way
as to exclude the original
type of the name he uses for it,
he is considered to have published a later homonym
that must be ascribed solely to him.
Example:
Lemanea as treated by Sirodot (1872)
explicitly excluded the type of
Lemanea
Bory (1808) and hence
is to be cited as
Lemanea Sirodot and not
Lemanea Bory emend.
Sirodot.
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49—50 | Citation |
Retention of a name in a sense that excludes the type
can be effected only by
conservation. When a name
is conserved with a type different from that of the
original author, the author of the name as conserved,
with the new type, must
be cited.
Example:
Bulbostylis Kunth,
nom. cons. (non
Bulbostylis Steven 1817).
This is not to be
cited as
Bulbostylis Steven emend. Kunth,
since the type listed was not included in
Bulbo-
stylis by Steven in 1817.
When a genus or a taxon of lower rank
is altered in rank but retains its name
or epithet,
the author who first published this as a legitimate name or epithet
(the
author of the basionym) must be cited in parentheses,
followed by the name of
the author who effected the alteration
(the author of the combination).
The same
holds when a taxon of lower rank than genus
is transferred to another taxon,
with
or without alteration of rank.
Examples:
Medicago polymorpha var.
orbicularis L.
when raised to the rank of species
becomes
Medicago orbicularis (L.)
Bartal.
–
Anthyllis sect.
Aspalathoides DC.
raised to generic
rank, retaining the name
Aspalathoides, is cited as
Aspalathoides (DC.) K. Koch.
Sorbus sect.
Aria Pers. on transference to
Pyrus is cited as
Pyrus sect.
Aria (Pers.) DC.
–
Cheiranthus tristis L. transferred to the genus
Matthiola becomes
Matthiola tristis (L.) R. Br.
The species of
Corydalis based on
Fumaria bulbosa γ solida L. (1753)
is cited as
Corydalis
solida (L.) Sw. (1819) and not as
Corydalis solida (Mill.) Sw. The latter citation refers to
Fumaria solida (L.) Mill. from 1771, also based on
Fumaria bulbosa γ solida L.;
the former,
correct citation refers
to the first author of the legitimate epithet.
However, within the same species,
Pulsatilla montana var.
serbica Zimmermann (Feddes
Repert. 61: 95. 1958),
originally placed under subsp.
australis (Heuffel) Zamels,
retains the
same author citation when placed under subsp.
dacica Rummelspacher
(see Art. 24)
and is
not cited as var.
serbica (Zimmermann) Rummelspacher
(Feddes Repert. 71: 29. 1965).
When the status of a taxon bearing a binary name
is altered from species to
interspecific hybrid
or vice versa, the name of the original author must be cited,
followed by an indication in parentheses of the original status.
A similar indication
of original status must be given
when an infraspecific taxon
is altered in status to
nothomorph or vice versa
(see Art. H. 10).
If it is desirable or necessary to abbreviate
such a citation,
the indication of the original status may be omitted.
Examples:
Stachys ambigua J. E. Smith (Engl. Bot. 30:
pl. 2089. 1810)
was published as
a species. If regarded as a hybrid, it
is cited as
Stachys
× ambigua J. E. Smith (pro sp.).
The binary name
Salix
× glaucops Anderss. (in DC. Prodr. 16(2): 281. 1868)
was published
as the name of a hybrid.
Later, Rydberg (Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 270. 1899)
altered the
status of the taxon to that of a species.
If this view is accepted, the name is cited as
Salix
glaucops Anderss. (pro hybr.).
× Carya laneyi var.
chateaugayensis Sarg. (Trees and Shrubs 2: 197. 1913)
was published
as a variety; if regarded as a nothomorph,
the name is cited as
Carya
× laneyi nm.
chateau-
gayensis Sarg. (pro var.).
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Citation | 50 |
Section 4. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS ON CITATION
In the citation of a name published as a synonym,
the words “as synonym” or
pro syn.
should be added.
When an author has published as a synonym
a manuscript name of another author, the
word
ex should be used in citations to connect
the names of the two authors
(see Rec. 46C).
Example:
Myrtus serratus, a manuscript name of Koenig
published by Steudel as a
synonym of
Eugenia laurina Willd.,
should be cited thus:
Myrtus serratus Koenig ex Steudel,
Nomencl. 321 (1821) pro syn.
In the citation of a
nomen nudum, its status should be indicated by adding
nomen nudum
(nom. nud.).
When a name that is illegitimate
because of an earlier homonym is cited in synonymy,
the citation should be followed by the name
of the author of the earlier homonym preceded
by the word
non, preferably with the date of publication added.
In some instances it will
be advisable
to cite also any later homonym, preceded by the word
nec.
Examples:
Ulmus racemosa Thomas,
Am. Journ. Sci. 19: 170 (1831) non Borkh. 1800.
–
Lindera Thunb. Nov. Gen. Pl. 64 (1783) non Adans. 1763.
–
Bartlingia Brongn. Ann. Sci.
Nat. 10: 373. (1827)
non Reichb. 1824, nec F. v. Muell. 1877.
Misidentifications should not be included in the synonymy
but added after it. A mis-
applied name
should be indicated by the words
auct. non followed by the name of the
original author
and the bibliographical reference of the misidentification.
Example:
Ficus stortophylla Warb.
in Warb. et De Wild. Ann. Mus. Congo, Bot. VI. 1:
32 (1904).
F. irumuensis De Wild. Pl. Bequaert. 1: 341 (1922).
F. exasperata auct. non Vahl:
De Wild. et Th. Dur. Ann. Mus. Congo, Bot. II. 1: 54. 1899;
De Wild. Pl. Laur. 26 (1903);
Th. et H. Dur. Syll. Fl. Congol. 505 (1909).
If a generic name is accepted as a
nomen conservandum (see Art.
14 and
App. III),
the
abbreviation
nom. cons. should be added to the citation.
Examples:
Protea L. Mant. 187 (1771),
nom. cons., non L. 1753.
–
Combretum Loefl.
1758
nom. cons. (syn. prius
Grislea L. 1753).
–
Schouwia DC. (1821, Mai sero),
nom. cons.
(homonymum prius
Schouwia Schrad. 1821, Mai).
A name cited in synonymy
should be spelled exactly as published by its author.
If any
explanatory words are required,
these should be inserted in brackets.
If a name is adopted
with alterations
from the form as originally published,
it is desirable that in full citations
the exact original form should be added,
preferably between quotation marks.
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50 | Citation |
Examples:
Pyrus calleryana Decne.
(Pirus mairei Léveillé, Repert.
Sp. Nov. 12: 189. 1913)
or
(P. mairei Léveillé, Repert. Sp. Nov. 12: 189. 1913,
‘Pirus’), but not as
Pyrus mairei.
Zanthoxylum cribrosum Spreng. Syst. 1: 946. 1825,
‘Xanthoxylon’
(Xanthoxylum caribaeum
var.
floridanum (Nutt.) A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 225. 1888),
but not as
Z. caribaeum
var.
floridanum (Nutt.) A. Gray.
Quercus bicolor Willd.
(Q. prinus discolor Michx. f. Hist. Arb. For. 2: 46. 1811),
but not
as
Q. prinus var.
discolor Michx. f.
Spiraea latifolia (Ait.) Borkh.
(Spiraea salicifolia γ latifolia Ait.
Hort. Kew. 2: 198. 1789),
but not as
S. salicifolia latifolia Ait. or
S. salicifolia var.
latifolia Ait.
Juniperus communis var.
saxatilis Pallas
(J. communis [var.] 3
nana Loudon, Arb. Brit. 4:
2489. 1838).
In this case ‘var.’ may be added in brackets,
since Loudon classes this com-
bination under ‘varieties’.
Ribes tricuspis Nakai, Bot. Mag. Tokyo 30: 142. 1916, ‘tricuspe’.
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51—53 | Remodelling of taxa |
Chapter V. RETENTION, CHOICE, AND REJECTION OF NAMES
AND EPITHETS
Section 1. RETENTION OF NAMES OR EPITHETS OF TAXA
WHICH ARE REMODELLED OR DIVIDED
An alteration of the diagnostic characters
or of the circumscription of a taxon
does not warrant a change in its name,
except as may be required
(1) by trans-
ference of the taxon (Arts.
54—56), or
(2) by its union with another taxon of the
same rank
(Arts.
57,
58, Rec.
57A), or
(3) by a change of its rank (Art.
60).
A unique exception is made for the family name
Papilionaceae (see Art. 18,
Note 3).
Examples:
The genus
Myosotis as revised by R. Brown
differs from the original genus of
Linnaeus,
but the generic name has not been changed,
nor is a change allowable, since the
type of
Myosotis L. remains in the genus; it is cited as
Myosotis L. or as
Myosotis L. emend.
R. Br. (see Art.
47, Rec.
47A).
Various authors have united with
Centaurea jacea L.
one or two species which Linnaeus
had kept distinct;
the taxon so constituted is called
Centaurea jacea L. sensu amplo or
Centaurea jacea L. emend. Cosson et Germain, emend. Visiani,
or emend. Godr., etc.; the
creation of a new name such as
Centaurea vulgaris Godr. is superfluous and illegitimate.
When a genus is divided into two or more genera,
the generic name must be
retained for one of them or,
if it has not been retained, must be reinstated for one
of them.
When a particular species was originally designated as the type,
the generic
name must be retained for the genus including that species.
When no type has been
designated, a type must be chosen (see
Guide for the determination of types, p.
75).
Examples:
The genus
Dicera J. R. et G. Forster
(Char. Gen. Pl. 79. 1776) was divided
by Rafinesque
(Sylva Tell. 60. 1838) into the two genera
Misipus and
Skidanthera; this
procedure is contrary to the rules: the name
Dicera must be kept for one of the genera,
and
it is now retained for that part of
Dicera based on the lectotype,
D. dentata.
The genus
Aesculus L. contains the sections
Aesculus, Pavia (Poir.) Pax,
Macrothyrsus
(Spach) Pax, and
Calothyrsus (Spach) Pax,
the last three of which were regarded as distinct
genera
by the authors cited in parentheses;
in the event of these four sections
being treated
as genera, the name
Aesculus must be kept for the first of them,
which includes the species
Aesculus hippocastanum L.,
as this species is the type of the genus founded by Linnaeus
(Sp. Pl. 344. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 161. 1754);
Tournefort’s name
Hippocastanum is not to
be used for a genus including
Aesculus hippocastanum L.
as was done by P. Miller (Gard.
Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754).
When a species is divided into two or more species,
the specific epithet must be
retained for one of them or,
if it has not been retained, must be reinstated for one
of them. When a particular specimen, description,
or figure was originally designated
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54 | Transference |
as the type, the specific epithet must be retained
for the species including that
element.
When no type has been designated, a type must be chosen (see
Guide for
the determination of types, p.
75).
Examples:
Lychnis dioica L. (Sp. Pl. 437. 1753)
was divided by Miller (Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
nos. 3, 4. 1768)
into two species,
L. dioica L. emend. Mill. and
L. alba Mill.
G. F. Hoffmann (Deutschl. Fl. 3: 166. 1800) divided
Juncus articulatus L. (1753) into
two species,
J. lampocarpus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. and
J. acutiflorus Ehrh. ex Hoffm. The name
J. articulatus L. ought, however,
to have been retained for one of the segregate species,
and
it has been reinstated in the sense of
J. lampocarpus Ehrh. ex Hoffm.
(see Briq., Prodr. Fl.
Corse 1: 264. 1910).
Genista horrida (Vahl) DC.
(in Lam. et DC., Fl. Franç. ed. 3. 4: 500. 1805)
was divided
by Spach (Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 2: 252. 1844)
into three species,
G. horrida (Vahl) DC.,
G. boissieri Spach, and
G. webbii Spach; the name
G. horrida was rightly kept for the
species
including the plant from Jaca in Aragon originally described by Vahl
(Symb. 1: 51.
1790) as
Spartium horridum.
Two species
(Primula cashmiriana Munro,
P. erosa Wall.) have been separated from
P.
denticulata J. E. Smith (Exot. Bot. 2: 109.
pl. 114. 1806),
but the name
P. denticulata has
rightly been kept for the form
which Smith described and figured under this name.
Hemerocallis lilio-asphodelus L. (Sp. Pl. 324. 1753)
was originally treated by Linnaeus
as
consisting of two varieties:
α flava [sphalm.
‘flavus’] and
β fulva [sphalm.
‘fulvus’].
In the
second edition of Sp. Pl. (1762)
he recognized these as distinct species, calling them
H. flava
and
H. fulva.
However, the original specific epithet
must be reinstated for one of these;
this
was done by Farwell (Am. Midl. Nat. 11: 51. 1928)
and the two species are correctly named
H. lilio-asphodelus L. and
H. fulva (L.) L.
The same rule applies to infraspecific taxa,
for example, to a subspecies divided
into two or more subspecies,
or to a variety divided into two or more varieties.
Section 2. RETENTION OF EPITHETS OF TAXA BELOW THE RANK OF GENUS
ON TRANSFERENCE TO ANOTHER GENUS OR SPECIES
When a subdivision of a genus * is transferred
to another genus or placed under
another generic name
for the same genus without change of rank, its epithet
must
be retained or, if it has not been retained,
must be reinstated unless one of the
following obstacles exists:
(1)
The resulting combination has been previously
and validly published for a
subdivision of a genus
based on a different type;
(2)
An earlier and legitimate epithet of the same rank
is available (but see Arts.
13f,
58,
59);
(3) Arts. 21 or 22 provide that another epithet be used.
Examples:
Saponaria sect.
Vaccaria DC. when transferred to
Gypsophila becomes
Gypso-
phila sect.
Vaccaria (DC.) Godr.
Primula sect.
Dionysiopsis Pax when transferred to the genus
Dionysia cannot become
Dionysia sect.
Dionysiopsis (Pax) Melchior because of Art.
21;
the name
Dionysia sect.
Ariadna Wendelbo, based on the same type,
has to be used instead.
———————
*
Here and elsewhere in this Code the phrase
“subdivision of a genus” refers only to taxa
between genus and species in rank.
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Transference | 55—56 |
When a species is transferred to another genus
or placed under another generic
name for the same genus
without change of rank, the specific epithet,
if legitimate,
must be retained
a
or, if it has not been retained, must be reinstated
b
unless one
of the following obstacles exists:
(1)
The resulting binary name is a later homonym
c (Art.
64)
or a tautonym
d
(Art.
23);
(2)
An earlier legitimate specific epithet
is available (but see Arts.
13f,
58,
59,
72).
e
Examples:
(a)
Antirrhinum spurium L. (Sp. Pl. 613. 1753)
when transferred to the genus
Linaria must be called
Linaria spuria (L.) Mill.
(Gard. Dict. ed. 8. no. 15. 1768).
(b)
Spergula stricta Sw. (1799)
when transferred to the genus
Arenaria must be called
Arenaria uliginosa Schleich. ex Schlechtend. (1808)
because of the existence of the name
Arenaria stricta Michx. (1803),
referring to a different species;
but on further transfer to
the genus
Minuartia the epithet
stricta must be reinstated and the species called
Minuartia
stricta (Sw.) Hiern (1899).
(c)
Spartium biflorum Desf. (1798)
when transferred to the genus
Cytisus by Spach in
1849 could not be called
C. biflorus,
because this name had been previously and validly
published
for a different species by L’Héritier in 1791; the name
C. fontanesii given by Spach
is therefore legitimate.
(d)
Pyrus malus L. (1753) when transferred to the genus
Malus must be called
Malus
pumila Mill. (1768), the combination
Malus malus (L.) Britton (1913) being inadmissible.
(e)
Melissa calamintha L. (1753)
when transferred to the genus
Thymus becomes
T.
calamintha (L.) Scop. (1772); placed in the genus
Calamintha it cannot be called
C. cala-
mintha (a tautonym) but is called
C. officinalis Moench (1794). However, when
C. officinalis
is transferred to the genus
Satureja, the earlier legitimate epithet is again available
and its
name becomes
S. calamintha (L.) Scheele (1843).
When, on transference to another genus,
the specific epithet has been applied
erroneously
in its new position to a different species,
the new combination must be
retained
for the species to which the epithet was originally applied,
and must be
attributed to the author who first published it
f.
(See Art. 7;
par. 9.)
Example:
(f)
Pinus mertensiana Bong.
was transferred to the genus
Tsuga by Carrière,
who, however,
as is evident from his description,
erroneously applied the new combination
Tsuga mertensiana to another species of
Tsuga, namely
T. heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent: the
combination
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. must not be applied to
T. heterophylla (Raf.)
Sargent but must be retained for
Pinus mertensiana Bong. when that species is placed in
Tsuga; the citation in parentheses (under Art.
49)
of the name of the original author, Bongard,
indicates the type of the epithet.
When an infraspecific taxon is transferred
without change of rank to another
genus or species,
the original epithet must be retained or,
if it has not been retained,
must be reinstated
unless one of the following obstacles exists:
(1)
The resulting ternary combination has been previously
and validly published
for an infraspecific taxon
based on a different type, even if that taxon
is of different
rank;
(2) An earlier legitimate epithet is available (but see Arts. 13f, 58, 59, 72);
(3) Arts. 24 or 26 provide that another epithet be used.
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57 | Union of taxa |
Example:
The variety
micranthum Gren. et Godr. (Fl. France 1: 171. 1847) of
Helian-
themum italicum Pers.
when transferred as a variety to
H. penicillatum Thib. retains its
varietal epithet,
becoming
H. penicillatum var.
micranthum (Gren. et Godr.) Grosser
(Pflan-
zenreich, Heft 14 (IV. 193): 115. 1903).
When, on transference to another genus or species,
the epithet of an infraspecific
taxon
has been applied erroneously
in its new position to a different taxon of the
same rank,
the new combination must he retained for the taxon
to which the original
combination was applied,
and must be attributed to the author who first published it
(See Art. 7;
par. 9).
Section 3. CHOICE OF NAMES WHEN TAXA OF THE SAME RANK ARE
UNITED
When two or more taxa of the same rank are united,
the oldest legitimate name
or
(for taxa below the rank of genus)
the oldest legitimate epithet is retained,
unless
a later name or epithet must be accepted
under the provisions of Arts.
13f,
22,
26,
58, or
59.
The author who first unites taxa bearing names or epithets
of the same
date has the right to choose one of them,
and his choice must be followed.
Examples:
K. Schumann
(in Engler et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. III. 6: 5. 1890),
uniting
the three genera
Sloanea L. (1753),
Echinocarpus Blume (1825), and
Phoenicosperma Miq.
(1865),
rightly adopted the oldest of these three generic names,
Sloanea L., for the resulting
genus.
If the two genera
Dentaria L. (Sp. Pl. 653. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 295. 1754) and
Cardamine
L. (Sp. Pl. 654. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 295. 1754)
are united, the resulting genus must be
called
Cardamine because the name was chosen by Crantz
(Class. Crucif. 126. 1769),
who
was the first to unite the two genera.
Robert Brown
(in Tuckey, Narr. Exp. Congo 484. 1818)
appears to have been the first
to unite
Waltheria americana L. (Sp. Pl. 673. 1753) and
W. indica L. (Sp. Pl. 673. 1753).
He adopted the name
W. indica for the combined species, and this name
is accordingly
to
be retained.
Fiori et Paoletti (Fl. Ital. 1(1): 107. 1896) united
Triticum aestivum L. (Sp. Pl. 85. 1753)
and
T. hybernum L. (Sp. Pl. 85. 1753)
into one species under one of these names,
T. aestivum
L.
Consequently the latter name is correct
for the combined taxon comprising common soft
wheat.
The use of an illegitimate name, such as
Triticum vulgare Vill.
(Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2:
153. 1787),
or the creation of a new name is contrary to the Code.
Baillon (Adansonia 3: 162. 1862-1863),
when uniting for the first time
Sclerocroton
integerrimus Hochst. ex Krauss
(Flora 28: 85. 1845) and
Sclerocroton reticulatus Hochst. ex
Krauss
(Flora 28: 85. 1845) adopted the first epithet for the combined taxon.
Consequently
this epithet
is to be retained irrespective of the generic name
(Sclerocroton,
Stillingia,
Ex-
coecaria,
Sapium) to which it is attached.
Linnaeus in 1753 (Sp. Pl. 902) simultaneously published the names
Verbesina alba and
V.
prostrata. Later (Mant. 286. 1771), he published
Eclipta erecta, a superfluous name because
V. alba is cited in synonymy, and
E. prostrata, based on
V. prostrata.
However, the first
author to unite these taxa was Hasskarl
(Pl. Jav. Rar. 528. 1848), who did so under the name
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk., which therefore is to be used
if these taxa are united and placed
in the genus
Eclipta.
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Pleomorphic fungi | 57—59 |
Authors who have to choose between two generic names
should note the following
suggestions:
(1)
Of two names of the same date,
to prefer that which was first accompanied
by the
description of a species.
(2)
Of two names of the same date,
both accompanied by descriptions of species,
to
prefer that which, when the author makes his choice,
includes the larger number of species.
(3)
In cases of equality from these various points of view,
to select the more appropriate
name.
When a taxon of
recent
plants, algae excepted,
and a taxon of the same rank of
fossil or subfossil plants are united,
the correct name or epithet of the
recent
taxon
takes precedence.
Example:
If
Platycarya Sieb. et Zucc. (1843), a genus of
recent plants, and
Petrophiloides
Bowerbank (1840),
a genus of fossil plants, are united, the name
Platycarya is accepted for
the combined genus,
although it is antedated by
Petrophiloides.
Section 4. NAMES OF FUNGI WITH A PLEOMORPHIC LIFE CYCLE AND
OF FOSSILS ASSIGNED TO FORM-GENERA
In Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes
(inclusive of Ustilaginales) with two or more
states
in the life cycle (except those which are lichen-fungi),
the correct name of
all states which are states of any one species
is the earliest legitimate name typified
by the perfect state.
The perfect state is that which is characterized by the presence
of asci in the Ascomycetes, cells of the kind giving rise
to basidia in the Uredinales
and in the Ustilaginales,
or basidia or organs which bear basidia
in the other
orders of the Basidiomycetes.
However, the provisions of this Article shall not be
construed
as preventing the use of names of imperfect states in works
referring to
such states; in the case of imperfect states,
a name refers only to the state
represented by its type.
When not already available, specific or infraspecific names
for imperfect states
may be proposed at the time of publication
of the name for a perfect state or later,
and may contain
either the specific epithet applied to the perfect state
or any other
epithet available.
The nomenclatural type of a taxon whose name
has been ascribed to a genus
characterised by a perfect state
must be one of which the original description or
diagnosis
included a description or diagnosis of the perfect state
(or of which the
possibility cannot be excluded
that the original author included the perfect state
in
his description or diagnosis).
If these requirements are not fulfilled the name,
although validly published, shall be considered illegitimate.
The combination of the specific or infraspecific epithet
of a name typified by
an imperfect state with a name
of a genus characterised by a perfect state shall be
considered not validly published as a new combination,
but shall be considered
the validly published name
of a new taxon if the author provides a description
(in
Latin, on or after 1 Jan. 1935) of the perfect state
and indicates a type (on or after
1 Jan. 1958)
showing the perfect state, and shall be attributed
to the author of
that name and to him alone.
However, publication on or after 1 Jan. 1967 of a
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combination based on an imperfect state
and applied inclusive of the perfect state
shall not be considered the valid publication of a new name
of the perfect state.
Examples:
The name
Ravenelia cubensis Arth. & J. R. Johnston
(Mem. Torrey Bot. Club
17: 118. 1918),
based on a specimen bearing only uredia (an imperfect state),
was validly
published but is considered illegitimate
because the species concerned was described
in a
genus characterised by a perfect state. The correct name is
Uredo cubensis Cummins
(Mycologia 48: 607. 1956),
published as ‘(Arth. & J. R. Johnston) Cumm. comb. nov.’
(see
Art. 72).
The combination
‘Mycosphaerella aleuritidis (Miyake) Ou nov. comb.
(Sinensia 11: 183.
1940), syn.
Cercospora aleuritidis Miyake’,
published with a Latin diagnosis of the perfect
state,
is considered
not validly published as a new combination
(since the type of the basionym
does not bear the perfect state)
but validly published as a new name of a new species,
which
is cited as
‘M. aleuritidis Ou’, based on the material examined by Ou
which bore the perfect
state. Since this is an undesirable
method of publishing the name of a new taxon,
a name
published in this manner on or after 1 Jan. 1967
is not validly published either as a new
combination
or as a new name of a new taxon. The correct method
of publication of this
name would be
‘Mycosphaerella aleuritidis Ou, syn.
Cercospora aleuritidis Miyake’, though
it is not essential (for the purposes of nomenclature)
that the synonymy be mentioned, and
Ou could equally
well have chosen any available epithet other than
aleuritidis.
Corticium microsclerotia (Matz) Weber, nov. comb., syn.
Rhizoctonia microsclerotia Matz,
was published
(Phytopathology 29: 565. 1939) with a description in English
of the perfect
state drawn up from a specimen different
from the type of
Rhizoctonia microsclerotia Matz.
Weber’s combination is nevertheless considered to be based
on Matz’s type of
Rhizoctonia
microsclerotia and is considered
not validly published because this type does not show the
characteristics of a perfect state genus. The name is
likewise not validly published as a new
name of a new
taxon based on Weber’s material, because no Latin diagnosis
was provided.
The correct name for this species is
Corticium microsclerotia Weber (Mycologia 43: 728. 1951,
where a Latin diagnosis was supplied for the perfect state:
the epithet
microsclerotia was not
preoccupied in
Corticium).
As in the case of pleomorphic fungi,
the provisions of the Code shall not be
construed
as preventing the use of names of form-genera
in works referring to
such taxa.
Section 5. CHOICE OF NAMES WHEN THE RANK OF A TAXON IS CHANGED
When the rank of a genus or infrageneric * taxon is changed,
the correct name or
epithet is the earliest legitimate one
available in the new rank. In no case does a
name
or an epithet have priority outside its own rank.
Examples:
The section
Campanopsis R. Br. (Prodr. 561. 1810) of the genus
Campanula
was first raised to generic rank
by Schrader and, as a genus,
is called
Wahlenbergia Schrad.
ex Roth (Nov. Pl. Sp. 399. 1821), not
Campanopsis (R. Br.) O. Kuntze
(Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 378.
1891).
Magnolia virginiana var.
foetida L. (Sp. Pl. 536. 1753)
when raised to specific rank
is
called
Magnolia grandiflora L.
(Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1082. 1759), not
M. foetida (L.) Sargent
(Gard. & For. 2: 615. 1889).
———————
*
Here and elsewhere in the Code the term ‘infrageneric’
refers to all ranks below that
of genus.
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Rejection | 60—62 |
Lythrum intermedium Ledeb. (Ind. Hort. Dorpat 1822)
when treated as a variety of
Lythrum salicaria L. (1753),
is called
L. salicaria var.
glabrum Ledeb. (Fl. Ross. 2: 127. 1843),
not
L. salicaria var.
intermedium (Ledeb.) Koehne (Bot. Jahrb. 1: 327. 1881).
In all these cases, the name or epithet given to the taxon
in its original rank is replaced
by the first correct name
or epithet given to it in its new rank.
(1)
When a section or a subgenus
is raised in rank to a genus,
or the inverse change
occurs,
the original name or epithet should be retained
unless it is contrary to this Code.
(2)
When an infraspecific taxon
is raised in rank
to a species,
or the inverse change occurs,
the original epithet should be retained
unless the resulting combination is contrary to this
Code.
(3)
When an infraspecific taxon is changed in rank
within the species, the original
epithet should be retained
unless the resulting combination is contrary to this Code.
When a taxon of a rank higher than genus
and not higher than family is changed
in rank,
the stem of the name
is to be retained
and only the termination altered
(-inae, -eae, -oideae, -aceae),
unless the resulting name is rejected under Arts.
62—72.
Example:
The subtribe
Drypetinae Pax (1890)
(Euphorbiaceae)
when raised to the rank
of tribe becomes
Drypeteae (Pax) Hurusawa (1954); the subtribe
Antidesmatinae Pax (1890)
(Euphorbiaceae) when raised to the rank of subfamily becomes
Antidesmatoideae (Pax)
Hurusawa (1954).
Section 6. REJECTION OF NAMES AND EPITHETS
A legitimate name or epithet must not be rejected
merely because it is inappropriate
or disagreeable,
or because another is preferable or better known,
or because it has
lost its original meaning.
Examples:
The following changes are contrary to the
rule:
Staphylea to
Staphylis, Tamus
to
Thamnos, Thamnus, or
Tamnus, Mentha to
Minthe, Tillaea to
Tillia, Vincetoxicum to
Alexi-
toxicum; and
Orobanche rapum to
O. sarothamnophyta, O. columbariae to
O. columbarihaerens,
O. artemisiae to
O. artemisiepiphyta. All these modifications
are to rejected.
Ardisia quinquegona Blume (1825) is not to be changed to
A. pentagona A. DC. (1834),
although the specific epithet
quinquegona is a hybrid word (Latin and Greek)
(see Rec.
23B, c).
—
The name
Scilla peruviana L. (Sp. Pl. 309. 1753)
is not to be rejected because
the species does not grow in Peru.
—
The name
Petrosimonia oppositifolia (Pall.) Litw.,
based on
Polycnemum oppositifolium Pall.
(Reise 1: 422, 431, app. 484. 1771),
is not to be
rejected
because the species has leaves only partly opposite,
and partly alternate,
although
there is another closely related species,
Petrosimonia brachiata (Pall.) Bunge,
having all its
leaves opposite.
Richardia L. (1753) is not to be changed to
Richardsonia, as was done by Kunth
(Mém.
Mus. Hist. Nat. [Paris] 4: 430. 1818),
although the name was originally dedicated
to the
British botanist, Richardson.
The names of species and of subdivisions of genera
assigned to genera whose names
are conserved later homonyms,
and which had earlier been assigned to the genera
under the rejected homonymic names,
are legitimate under the conserved names
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63 | Rejection |
without change of authorship or date if there is no other obstacle under the rules.
Example:
Alpinia languas Gmel. (1791) and
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. (1797)
are to be
accepted although
Alpinia L. (1753),
to which they were assigned by their authors,
is rejected
and the genus in which they are now placed is
Alpinia Roxb. (1810), nom. cons.
A name is illegitimate and
is to be rejected
if it was nomenclaturally superfluous
when published,
i.e. if the taxon to which it was applied,
as circumscribed by its
author,
included the type of a name or epithet
which ought to have been adopted
under the rules.
The inclusion of a type (see Art.
7)
is here understood to mean the citation of a
type specimen,
the citation of the illustration of a type specimen,
the citation of the
type of a name,
or the citation of the name itself
unless the type is at the same time
excluded
either explicitly or by
implication.
Examples
of superfluous names:
The generic name
Cainito Adans. (Fam. 2: 166. 1763)
is
illegitimate because it was a superfluous name for
Chrysophyllum L. (Sp. Pl. 192. 1753);
the
two genera had precisely the same circumscription.
Chrysophyllum sericeum Salisb. (Prodr. 138. 1796)
is illegitimate, being a superfluous
name for
C. cainito L. (1753), which Salisbury cited as a synonym.
Picea excelsa (Lam.) Link
is illegitimate, because it is based on
Pinus excelsus Lam.
(Fl.
Franç. 2: 202. 1778),
a superfluous name for
Pinus abies L. (Sp. Pl. 1002. 1753). Under
Picea the proper name is
Picea abies (L.) Karst.
(Deutschl. Fl. 325. 1880).
On the other hand,
Cucubalus latifolius Mill. and
C. angustifolius Mill.
(Gard. Dict. ed. 8.
nos. 2, 3. 1768)
are not illegitimate names,
although these species are now reunited with
C. behen L. (1753), from which Miller separated them:
C. latifolius Mill. and
C. angustifolius
Mill.
as circumscribed by Miller did not include the type of
C. behen L.
Example of
explicit exclusion of type:
When publishing the name
Galium tricornutum,
Dandy (Watsonia 4: 47. 1957) cited
G. tricorne Stokes (1787) pro parte as a synonym,
but
explicitly excluded the type of the latter name.
Examples of
exclusion of type by implication:
Cedrus Duhamel (Trait. Arbr. 1: xxviii, 139.
t. 52. 1755)
is a legitimate name even though
Juniperus L. was cited as a synonym;
only
some of the species of
Juniperus L. were included in
Cedrus and the differences
between the
two genera are discussed,
Juniperus (including its type species)
being recognized in the same
work
as an independent genus.
Tmesipteris elongata Dangeard
(Le Botaniste 2: 213. 1890-91)
was published as a new
species but
Psilotum truncatum R. Br. was cited as a synonym.
However, on the following
page (214),
T. truncata (R. Br.) Desv.
is recognized as a different species
and on p. 216 the
two are distinguished in a key,
thus showing that the meaning of the cited synonym was
either
“P. truncatum R. Br. pro parte” or
“P. truncatum auct. non R. Br.”
Solanum torvum Swartz (Prodr. 47. 1788)
was published with a new diagnosis but
S.
indicum L. (Sp. Pl. 187. 1753) was cited as a synonym.
In accord with the practice in his
Prodromus,
Swartz indicated where the species
was to be inserted in the latest edition
[14,
Murray] of the Systema Vegetabilium.
S. torvum was to be inserted between species 26
(S.
insanum) and 27
(S. ferox); the number of
S. indicum in this edition of the Systema is 32.
S. torvum is thus a legitimate name; the type of
S. indicum is excluded by implication.
A
name is not illegitimate,
even if it was
nomenclaturally superfluous
when pub-
lished,
if
it is a
new combination the epithet of
whose basionym is legitimate.
When
published it is incorrect,
but it may become correct later.
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Rejection | 64 |
Example:
Chloris radiata (L.) Sw. (Prodr. 26. 1788), based on
Agrostis radiata L. (Syst.
Nat. ed. 10. 2: 873. 1759),
was nomenclaturally superfluous when published,
since Swartz
also cited
Andropogon fasciculatum L. (Sp. Pl. 1047. 1753) as a synonym.
It is, however,
the correct name in the genus
Chloris for
Agrostis radiata when
Andropogon fasciculatum
is treated as a different species,
as was done by Hackel (in DC. Monogr. Phan. 6: 177. 1889).
A name is illegitimate and must be rejected
if it is a later homonym, that is, if it
is spelled
exactly like a name previously and validly published
for a taxon of the
same rank based on a different type.
Even if the earlier homonym is illegitimate,
or is
generally treated as a synonym on taxonomic grounds,
the later homonym
must be rejected,
unless it has been conserved.
Note.
Mere orthographic variants of the same name
are treated as homonyms
when they are based on different types (see Arts.
73 and
75).
Examples:
The name
Tapeinanthus Boiss. ex Benth. (1848),
given to a genus of Labiatae,
is a later homonym of
Tapeinanthus Herb. (1837),
a name previously and validly published
for a genus of
Amaryllidaceae;
Tapeinanthus Boiss. ex Benth.
is therefore rejected, as was
done
by Th. Durand (Ind. Gen. Phan. x. 1888), who renamed it
Thuspeinanta.
The generic name
Amblyanthera Müll. Arg. (1860)
is a later homonym of the validly
published generic name
Amblyanthera Blume (1849) and
is therefore rejected, although
Amblyanthera Blume is now considered to be a synonym of
Osbeckia L. (1753).
The name
Torreya Arnott (1838) is a
nomen conservandum (see Art.
14) and
is therefore
not
to be rejected
because of the existence of the earlier homonym
Torreya Rafinesque (1818).
Astragalus rhizanthus Boiss.
(Diagn. Pl. Orient. 2: 83. 1843)
is a later homonym of the
validly published name
Astragalus rhizanthus Royle (Ill. Bot. Himal. 200. 1835) and it
is
therefore rejected,
as was done by Boissier, who renamed it
A. cariensis (Diagn. Pl. Orient.
9: 56. 1849).
The names of two subdivisions of the same genus,
or of two infraspecific taxa
within the same species,
even if they are of different rank, are treated as homonyms
if they have the same epithet and are not based on the same type.
The same epithet
may be used for subdivisions of different genera,
and for infraspecific taxa within
different species.
Examples:
Under
Verbascum the sectional epithet
Aulacosperma
Murbeck (1933)
is allowed,
although there
was already in the genus
Celsia
a section named
Aulacaspermae
Murbeck
(1926). This, however,
is not an example to be followed, since
it is contrary to Rec. 21B,
paragraph 3.
The following is illegitimate:
Erysimum hieraciifolium subsp.
strictum var.
longisiliquum
and
E. hieraciifolium subsp.
pannonicum var.
longisiliquum
—
two varieties may not bear
the same epithet in the same species.
The name
Andropogon sorghum subsp.
halepensis (L.) Hackel var.
halepensis is legitimate,
since the subspecies and the variety have the same type
and the epithet
may be repeated
under
Rec. 26A.
When the same new name is simultaneously published
for more than one taxon,
the first author
who adopts it in one sense, rejecting the other,
or provides another
name for one of these taxa
is to be followed.
Example:
Linnaeus simultaneously published both
Mimosa 10
cinerea (Sp. Pl. 517. 1753)
and
Mimosa 25
cinerea (Sp. Pl. 520. 1753).
Later, he (Syst. Nat., ed. 10. 2: 1311. 1759)
renamed species 10
Mimosa cineraria and retained the name
Mimosa cinerea for species 25;
Mimosa cinerea is thus the legitimate name for species 25.
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65—68 | Rejection |
A name is illegitimate and
is to be rejected
if it is the name of a taxon which
on transfer of that taxon
from the animal to the plant kingdom becomes, at the
time
of such transfer, a homonym of a name for a plant taxon.
If a taxon is transferred from the plant kingdom
to the animal kingdom, its name
or names
retain their status in botanical nomenclature
for purposes of homonymy.
In all other cases,
the name of a plant is not to be rejected
merely because it is
the same as the name of an animal.
An epithet of a subdivision of a genus
is illegitimate and
is to be rejected
in the
following special cases:
(1)
If it was published in contravention of Arts.
51,
54,
57,
58 or
60,
i.e. if its
author did not adopt the earliest legitimate epithet
available for the taxon with
its particular circumscription,
position, and rank.
(2) If it is an epithet of a type subgenus or section which contravenes Art. 22.
Note 1.
Illegitimate epithets are not to be taken
into consideration for purposes
of priority (see Art.
45)
except in the rejection of a later homonym (Art.
64).
Note 2.
An epithet originally published as part of an illegitimate name
may be
adopted later for the same taxon,
but in another combination (see Art.
72).
A specific or infraspecific epithet
is illegitimate and
is to be rejected
if it was
published in contravention of Arts.
51,
53,
55,
56, or
60,
i.e. if its author did not
adopt
the earliest legitimate epithet available for the taxon
with its particular circum-
scription, position, and rank.
Such an epithet is also illegitimate
if it was published
in contravention of Art.
59.
Note.
The publication of a name containing an illegitimate epithet
is not
to
be
taken into consideration for purposes of priority
(see Art.
45)
except in the rejection
of a later homonym (Art.
64).
A specific epithet is not illegitimate merely
because it was originally published
under an illegitimate generic name, but
is to be taken
into consideration for purposes
of priority
if the epithet and the corresponding combination
are in other respects
in accordance with the rules.
In the same way an infraspecific epithet
may be
legitimate even if originally published
under an illegitimate name of a species or
infraspecific taxon.
Example:
Agathophyllum A. L. Juss. (Gen. Pl. 431. 1789)
is an illegitimate generic name,
being a superfluous substitute for
Ravensara Sonnerat (Voy. Ind. Or. 2: 226. 1782).
Never-
theless the epithet of the validly published name
Agathophyllum neesianum Blume
(Mus.
Bot. Lugd. Bat. 1: 339. 1851)
is legitimate. Because Meisner cited
Agathophyllum neesianum
as a synonym of
Mespilodaphne mauritiana Meisn.
(in DC., Prodr. 15(1): 104. 1864)
but did
not adopt its epithet,
M. mauritiana is a superfluous name and hence illegitimate.
Note.
An illegitimate epithet
may be adopted later for the same taxon,
but in
another combination (see Art.
72).
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Rejection | 69—72 |
A name
is to be rejected
if it is used in different senses
and so has become a
long-persistent source of error.
Examples:
Linnaeus
(Sp. Pl. 145.
1753)
included all the European and western Asiatic
Cyclamen species under the name
C. europaeum.
The name was first restricted to one species
by Miller (Gard. Dict. ed. 8. 1768)
and later to a different species
by Jacquin (Fl. Austr. 5: 1.
t. 401. 1778) and Aiton
(Hort. Kew. 1: 196. 1789).
Both interpretations have been followed,
with a great preponderance in favour of the later,
incorrect application. The name
Cyclamen
europaeum has thus
become a long-persistent
source of error and is to be
rejected.
Lavandula spica L. (Sp. Pl. 572. 1753)
included the two species subsequently known as
L. angustifolia Mill. and
L. latifolia Vill. The name
Lavandula spica has been applied almost
equally to these two species, and, being now ambiguous,
is rejected
(see Kew Bull. 1932: 295).
A name
is to be rejected if it
is based on a type consisting of two or more entirely
discordant elements, unless it is possible to select
one of these elements as a satis-
factory type.
Examples:
The characters of the genus
Schrebera L.
(Sp. Pl. ed. 2. 1662. 1763;
Gen. Pl.
ed. 6. 124. 1764)
were derived from the two genera
Cuscuta and
Myrica (parasite and host)
(see Retz. Obs. 6: 15. 1791). The characters of the genus
Actinotinus Oliv. (Hook. Ic. Pl.
pl. 1740. 1888)
were derived from the two genera
Viburnum and
Aesculus, owing to the
insertion of the inflorescence of a
Viburnum in the terminal bud of an
Aesculus by a collector.
The names
Schrebera L. and
Actinotinus Oliv. are therefore abandoned.
The name of the genus
Pouteria Aubl. (Pl. Guiane 85. 1775)
is based on a type which
is a mixture of a species of
Sloanea
(Elaeocarpaceae)
and a sapotaceous species (flowers and
leaves);
both elements can be easily separated, as has been done by Martius,
and Radlkofer
was correct in proposing
(Sitzber. Math.-Phys. Cl. Bayer. Akad. München 12: 333. 1882)
to
retain the name
Pouteria for the part of the type belonging to the
Sapotaceae.
A name is to be rejected if it is based on a monstrosity.
Examples:
The generic name
Uropedium Lindl. (Orch. Linden. 28. 1846)
was based on
a monstrosity which is now referred to
Phragmipedium caudatum (Lindl.) Rolfe
(Orchid
Rev. 4: 330. 1896); it
is therefore rejected.
The name
Ornithogalum fragiferum Vill. (Hist. Pl. Dauph. 2: 270. 1787)
was based on
a monstrosity and
is therefore rejected.
A name or epithet rejected
under
Arts.
63—71
is replaced by the oldest legitimate
name or
(in a combination) by the oldest available legitimate epithet
in the rank
concerned. If none exists
in any rank
a new name must be chosen: a) a new name
(nomen novum)
based on the same type
as the rejected name
may be published, or
b) a new taxon may be described
and a new name published for it.
If a name or
epithet is available
in another rank,
one of the above alternatives
may be chosen or
c) a new combination,
based on the name
in the other rank,
may be published.
Similar action is to be taken when
the use of an epithet
is inadmissible under Arts.
21,
23, and
24.
Example:
Linum radiola L. (1753) when transferred to the genus
Radiola must not be
called
Radiola radiola (L.) H. Karst. (1882),
as that combination is inadmissible under Art.
23.
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72 | Rejection |
The next oldest specific epithet is
multiflorum, but the name
Linum multiflorum Lam. (1778)
is illegitimate, since it was a superfluous name for
L. radiola L.; under
Radiola, the species
is to be called
R. linoides Roth (1788), since
linoides is the oldest legitimate specific epithet
available.
Note.
When a new epithet is required, an author may adopt
an epithet previously
given to the taxon in an
illegitimate name if there is no obstacle to its employment
in the new position or sense; the epithet in the resultant
combination is treated
as new.
Example:
The name
Talinum polyandrum Hook. (Bot. Mag.
pl. 4833. 1855)
is illegitimate,
being a later homonym of
T. polyandrum Ruiz & Pav. (Syst. 1: 115. 1798);
when Bentham
transferred
T. polyandrum Hook. to
Calandrinia, he called it
Calandrinia polyandra
(Fl.
Austr. 1: 172. 1863). The epithet
polyandra in this combination is treated as new,
dating
from 1863, and the binomial should be written
Calandrinia polyandra Benth., not
C. poly-
andra (Hook.) Benth.
Authors should avoid adoption of an illegitimate epithet
previously published for the
same taxon.
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Chapter VI. ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS AND GENDER
OF GENERIC NAMES
Section 1. ORTHOGRAPHY OF NAMES AND EPITHETS
The original spelling of a name or epithet
is to be retained,
except for the correction
of typographic or orthographic errors (but see Art. 14,
note 7).
Note 1.
The words “original spelling”
in this Article mean the spelling employed
when the name was validly published.
They do not refer to the use of an initial capital
or small letter, this being a matter of typography (see Art.
21, Rec.
73F).
Note 2.
The liberty of correcting a name
is to be used with reserve,
especially
if the change affects the first syllable and,
above all, the first letter of the name.
The consonants
w and
y, foreign to classical Latin, and
k, rare in that language,
are permissible in Latin plant names.
The letters
j and
v
are to be changed to
i and
u respectively when they represent
vowels;
the reverse changes
are to be made
when consonants are required.
Examples:
Taraxacvm Zinn
is to be changed to
Taraxacum,
Iungia L. f. to
Jungia,
Saurauja
Willd. to
Saurauia, subgenus
Nevropteris Brongniart to
Neuropteris.
Diacritic signs are not used in Latin plant names.
In names (either new or old)
drawn from words in which such signs appear, the signs
are to be suppressed
with
the necessary transcription of the letters
so modified; for example ä, ö, ü become
respectively
ae,
oe,
ue;
é,
è,
ê become
e, or sometimes
ae;
ñ becomes
n;
ø becomes
oe;
å becomes
ao; the diaeresis, however, is permissible
(Cephaëlis for
Cephaelis).*
When changes made in orthography by earlier authors
who adopt personal,
geographic, or vernacular names
in nomenclature are intentional latinizations, they
are to be preserved.
The use of a wrong connecting vowel or vowels
(or the omission of a connecting
vowel)
in a name or an epithet is treated
as an orthographic error (see Rec.
73G).
The wrong use of the terminations
i,
ii,
ae,
iae,
anus, or
ianus, mentioned in Rec.
73C (a, b, d),
is treated as an orthographic error.
Examples of
retention of original spelling:
The generic names
Mesembryanthemum L.
(1753) and
Amaranthus L. (1753) were deliberately
so spelled by Linnaeus and the spelling
is not to be altered to
Mesembrianthemum and
Amarantus respectively,
although these latter
forms are philologically preferable
(see Kew Bull. 1928: 113, 287).
Valantia L. (1753),
Gleditsia L. (1753), and
Clutia L. (1753), commemorating Vaillant,
Gleditsch and Cluyt respectively, are not to be altered to
Vaillantia,
Gleditschia and
Cluytia **:
———————
*
The diaeresis should be used where required in works
in which diphthongs are not
represented by special type, e.g.
Cephaëlis in works in which there is
Arisaema, not
Arisæma.
**
In some cases an altered spelling of a generic name
is conserved e.g.
Bougainvillea (see
list of
nomina conservanda no. 2350).
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Linnaeus latinized the names of these botanists deliberately
as “Valantius”, “Gleditsius”, and
“Clutius”.
Phoradendron Nutt. is not to be altered to Phoradendrum.
Triaspis mozambica Adr. Juss. is not to be altered to
T. mossambica, as in Engler Pflan-
zenw. Ost-Afr. C: 232 (1895).
Alyxia ceylanica Wight is not to be altered to
A. zeylanica, as in Trimen,
Handb. Fl. Ceyl.
3: 127 (1895).
Fagus sylvatica L. is not to be altered to
F. silvatica. The correct classical spelling
silvatica
is recommended for adoption
in the case of a new name (Rec. 73E),
but the mediaeval
spelling
sylvatica, deliberately adopted by Linnaeus,
is not to be altered.
The spelling of the generic name
Lespedeza is not to be altered,
although it commemo-
rates Vicente Manuel de Céspedes
(see Rhodora 36: 130-132, 390-392. 1934).
Examples of
typographic errors:
Globba brachycarpa Baker
(in Hook. f., Fl. Brit. lnd. 6:
205. 1890) and
Hetaeria alba Ridley (Journ. Lirm. Soc. Bot. 32: 404. 1896)
are typographic
errors for
Globba trachycarpa Baker and
Hetaeria alta Ridley respectively
(see Journ. of Bot.
59: 349. 1921).
–
Thevetia nereifolia Adr. Juss. ex Steud.
is an obvious typographic error
for
T. neriifolia.
Example of
an
orthographic error:
Gluta benghas L. (Mant. 293. 1771),
being an ortho-
graphic error for
G. renghas, should be cited as
G. renghas L., as has been done by
Engler
(in DC. Monogr. Phan. 4: 225. 1883);
the vernacular name used as a specific epithet
by Linnaeus is “Renghas”, not “Benghas”.
Examples of
errors
treated as orthographic:
Pereskia opuntiaeflora DC.
(Mém. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris 17: 76. 1828)
should be cited as
P. opuntiiflora DC. (cf. Rec. 73G).
Cacalia napeaefolia DC.
(in DC. Prodr. 6: 328. 1837) and
Senecio napeaefolius (DC.)
Schultz-Bip.
(Flora 28: 498. 1845) should be cited as
Cacalia napaeifolia DC. and
Senecio
napaeifolius (DC.) Schultz-Bip. respectively;
the specific epithet refers to the resemblance
of the leaves
to those of the genus
Napaea (not
Napea), and the reduced stem-ending
i
should have been used instead of
ae.
Dioscorea lecardi De Wild. should be corrected to
D. lecardii, and
Berberis wilsonae
Hemsl. should be corrected to
B. wilsoniae; the genitive forms derived from
Lecard (m) and
Wilson (f) prescribed by Rec. 73C are
lecardii and
wilsoniae respectively.
Artemisia verlotorum
Lamotte should be corrected to
A. verlotiorum.
Example of
both a typographic and an orthographic error:
Rosa pissarti Carr. (Rev. Hort.
1880: 314)
is a typographic error for
R. pissardi (see Rev. Hort. 1881: 190),
which in its turn
is treated as an orthographic error for
R. pissardii (see Rec. 73C, b).
When a new name or epithet is to be derived from Greek,
the transliteration to Latin
should conform to classical usage.
The spiritus asper should be transcribed in Latin as the letter h.
When a new name for a genus, subgenus, or section
is taken from the name of a person,
it should be formed
in the following manner:
(a)
When the name of the person ends in a vowel,
the letter
a is added (thus
Ottoa
after Otto;
Sloanea after Sloane), except when the name ends in
a, when
ea is added (e.g.
Collaea after Colla), or in
ea (as Correa), when no letter is added.
(b)
When the name of the person ends in a consonant,
the letters
ia are added, except
when the name ends in
er, when
a is added (e.g.
Kernera after Kerner). In latinized names
ending in
-us, this termination is dropped before adding the suffix
(Dillenia).
(c)
The syllables not modified by these endings
retain their original spelling, unless they
contain letters
foreign to Latin plant names or diacritic signs (see Art. 73).
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(d)
Names may be accompanied by a prefix or a suffix,
or be modified by anagram or
abbreviation.
In these cases they count as different words from the original name.
Examples:
Durvillea and
Urvillea; Lapeirousia and
Peyrousea; Englera,
Englerastrum, and
Englerella; Bouchea and
Ubochea; Gerardia and
Graderia; Martia and
Martiusia.
When a new specific or infraspecific epithet
is taken from the name of a man,
it should
be formed in the following manner:
(a)
When the name of the person ends in a vowel,
the letter
i is added (thus
glazioui
from Glaziou,
bureaui from Bureau,
keayi from Keay), except when the name ends in
a,
when
e is added (thus
balansae from Balansa,
palhinhae from Palhinha).
(b)
When the name ends in a consonant, the letters
ii are added
(ramondii from Ramond),
except when the name ends in
-er, when
i is added (thus
kerneri from Kerner).
(c)
The syllables not modified by these endings
retain their original spelling, unless they
contain
letters foreign to Latin plant names or diacritic signs (see Art. 73).
(d)
When epithets taken from the name of a man
have an adjectival form
they are
formed in a similar way (e.g.
Geranium robertianum,
Verbena hasslerana,
Asarum hayatanum,
Andropogon gayanus).
(e)
The Scottish patronymic prefix ‘Mac’, ‘Mc’ or ‘M’,
meaning ‘son of’, should be spelled
‘mac’ and
united with the rest of the name, e.g.
macfadyenii after Macfadyen,
macgillivrayi
after MacGillivray,
macnabii after McNab,
mackenii after M’Ken.
(f)
The Irish patronymic prefix ‘O’
should be united with the rest of the name or omitted, e.g.
obrienii,
brienianus after O’Brien,
okellyi after O’Kelly.
(g)
A prefix consisting of an article,
e.g. le, la, 1’, les, el, il, lo, or containing an article,
e.g. du, dela, des, del, della, should be united to the name, e.g.
leclercii after Le Clerc,
dubuyssonii after DuBuysson,
lafarinae after La Farina,
logatoi after La Gato.
(h)
A prefix to a surname indicating ennoblement
or canonization should be omitted. e.g.
candollei after De Candolle,
jussieui after de Jussieu,
hilairei after Saint-Hilaire,
remyi after
St. Rémy; in geographical epithets,
however, ‘St.’ is rendered as
sanctus (m.) or
sancta (f.)
e.g.
sancti-johannis, of St. John,
sanctae-helenae, of St. Helena.
(i)
A German or Dutch prefix:
when it is normally treated as part of the family name,
as
often happens outside its country of origin,
e.g. in the United States, may be included in
the epithet, e.g.
vonhausenii after Vonhausen,
vanderhoekii after Vanderhoek,
vanbruntiae
after Mrs. Van Brunt,
but should otherwise be omitted, e.g.
iheringii after von Ihering,
martii after von Martius,
steenisii after van Steenis,
strassenii after zu Strassen,
vechtii after
van der Vecht.
If the personal name is already Latin or Greek,
the appropriate Latin genitive should be
used, e.g.
alexandri from Alexander,
francisci from Franciscus,
augusti from Augustus,
linnaei
from Linnaeus,
hectoris from Hector.
The same provisions apply to epithets formed
from the names of women. When these
have a substantival form,
they are given a feminine termination (e.g.
Cypripedium hookerae,
Rosa beatricis,
Scabiosa olgae,
Omphalodes luciliae).
An epithet derived from a geographical name
is preferably an adjective and usually takes
the termination
-ensis,
-(a)nus,
-inus,
-ianus, or
-icus.
Examples:
Rubus quebecensis (from Quebec),
Ostrya virginiana (from Virginia),
Polygonum
pensylvanicum (from Pennsylvania).
A new epithet should be written in conformity with the original spelling of the word or
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words from which it is derived and in accordance
with the accepted usage of Latin and
latinization (see Art.
23).
Example: sinensis (not chinensis).
All specific and infraspecific epithets
should be written with a small initial letter,
although
authors desiring to use capital initial letters
may do so when the epithets are directly derived
from
the names of persons (whether actual or mythical),
or are vernacular (or non-Latin)
names,
or are former generic names.
A compound name or an epithet combining
elements derived from two or more Greek
or Latin words
should be formed, as far as practicable,
in accordance with classical usage.
This may be stated as follows:
(a)
In a true compound (as distinct from
pseudocompounds such as
Myos-otis,
nidus-avis)
a noun or adjective in a non-final position
appears as a bare stem without case-ending
(Hydro-phyllum).
(b)
Before a vowel the final vowel of this stem,
if any, is normally elided
(Chrys-
anthemum,
mult-angulus),
with the exception of Greek
y and
i
(poly-anthus,
Meli-osma).
(c)
Before a consonant the final vowel
is normally preserved in Greek
(mono-carpus,
Poly-gonum,
Coryne-phorus,
Meli-lotus), except that
a is commonly replaced by
o (Hemero-
callis from
hemera); in Latin the final vowel is reduced to
i
(multi-color,
menthi-folius,
salvii-
folius).
(d)
If the stem ends in a consonant, a connecting vowel
(o in Greek,
i in Latin) is
inserted before a following consonant
(Odont-o-glossum, cruc-i-formis).
Some irregular forms, however,
have been extensively used through false analogy
(atro-
purpureus,
on the analogy of pseudo-compounds such as
fusco-venatus in which
o is the
ablative case-ending).
Others are used as revealing etymological distinctions
(caricae-formis
from
Carica, as distinct from
carici-formis from
Carex;
tubae-florus, with trumpet-shaped
flowers, as distinct from
tubi-florus, with tube-like
or tubular flowers).
Where such irregulari-
ties
occur in the original spelling of existing compounds,
this spelling should be retained.
Note.
The hyphens in the above examples are given
solely for explanatory reasons. For
the use of hyphens
in botanical names and epithets see Arts.
20 and
23.
Epithets of fungus names derived from
the generic name of the host plant should be
spelled
in accordance with the accepted spelling of this name;
other spellings must be
regarded
as orthographic variants and should be corrected.
Examples:
Phyllachora anonicola Chardon (1940)
should be altered to
P. annonicola, since
the spelling
Annona is now accepted in preference to
Anona; –
Meliola albizziae Hansford
et Deighton (1948)
should be altered to
M. albiziae, since the spelling
Albizia is now
accepted in preference to
Albizzia.
The etymology of new names
and epithets should be given when the meaning of these
is not obvious.
When the spelling of a generic name differs in Linnaeus’
Species Plantarum ed. 1
and
Genera Plantarum ed. 5, the correct spelling is
determined by the following
regulations:
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(1)
If Linnaeus subsequently to 1753-54 consistently
adopted one of the spellings,
that spelling is accepted, e.g.
Thuja (not
Thuya),
Prunella (not
Brunella).
(2)
If Linnaeus did not do so, then the spelling
which is more correct philo-
logically is accepted, e.g.
Agrostemma (not
Agrostema),
Euonymus (not
Evonymus).
(3)
If the two spellings are equally correct
philologically, and there is a great
preponderance
of usage in favour of one of them, that one is accepted, e.g.
Rhodo-
dendron (not
Rhododendrum).
(4)
If the two spellings are equally correct
philologically, and there is not a
great preponderance
of usage in favour of one of them, then the spelling
that is in
accordance or more nearly in accordance with
Recommendations 73A, 73B, and
73G is accepted, e.g.
Ludwigia (not
Ludvigia),
Ortegia (not
Ortega).
When two or more generic names
are so similar that they are likely to be con-
fused *,
because they are applied to related taxa or for any other reason,
they are
to be treated as variants,
which are homonyms when they are based on different
types.
Examples of
names treated as orthographic variants:
Astrostemma and
Asterostemma;
Pleuripetalum and
Pleuropetalum;
Columella and
Columellia, both commemorating Colu-
mella,
the Roman writer on agriculture;
Eschweilera and
Eschweileria; Skytanthus and
Scytanthus.
The three generic names
Bradlea Adans.,
Bradleja Banks ex Gaertn., and
Braddleya Vell.,
all commemorating Richard Bradley,
must be treated as orthographic variants because one
only
can be used without serious risk of confusion.
Examples of
names not likely to be confused:
Rubia and
Rubus; Monochaete and
Mono-
chaetum; Peponia and
Peponium; Iria and
Iris; Desmostachys and
Desmostachya; Sym-
phyostemon and
Symphostemon; Gerrardina and
Gerardiina; Durvillea and
Urvillea; Pelto-
phorus
(Poaceae) and
Peltophorum
(Fabaceae).
The same applies to specific epithets
within the same genus and to infraspecific
epithets
within the same species.
Examples of
epithets treated as orthographic variants:
chinensis and
sinensis; ceylanica
and
zeylanica; napaulensis, nepalensis, and
nipalensis; polyanthemos and
polyanthemus;
macrostachys and
macrostachyus; heteropus and
heteropodus; poikilantha and
poikilanthes;
pteroides and
pteroideus; trinervis and
trinervius; macrocarpon and
macrocarpum; trachy-
caulum and
trachycaulon.
Examples of
epithets not likely to be confused:
Senecio napaeifolius (DC.) Schultz-Bip.
and
S. napifolius Macowan are different names, the epithets
napaeifolius and
napifolius
being derived respectively from
Napaea and
Napus.
Lysimachia hemsleyana and Lysimachia hemsleyi (see however, Rec. 23A).
Euphorbia peplis L. and E. peplus L.
Section 2. GENDER OF GENERIC NAMES
The gender of generic names should be determined as follows:
———————
*
When it is doubtful whether names are sufficiently alike
to be confused, they should
be referred to the General Committee.
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(1)
A Greek or Latin word adopted as
a generic name should retain its gender.
When
the gender varies the author should
choose one of the alternative genders.
In doubtful cases
general usage should be followed.
The following names, however,
whose classical gender is
masculine, should be
treated as feminine in accordance with botanical custom:
Adonis,
Diospyros,
Strychnos; so also should
Orchis and
Stachys, which are masculine in Greek
and
feminine in Latin. The name
Hemerocallis, derived from the Latin and Greek
hemerocalles
(n.), although masculine in Linnaeus’
Species Plantarum, should be treated as feminine
in
order to bring it into conformity
with almost all other generic names ending in
-is.
(2)
Generic names formed from two or more
Greek or Latin words should take the
gender of the last.
If the ending is altered, however, the gender should follow it.
Examples of names formed from Greek words: *
Modern compounds ending in
-codon,
-myces,
-odon,
-panax,
-pogon,
-stemon, and other
masculine words
should be masculine. The fact that the generic name
Andropogon L. was
originally treated
as neuter by Linnaeus is immaterial.
Similarly, all modern compounds ending in
-achne,
-chlamys,
-daphne,
-mecon,
-osma
(the modern transcription of the feminine Greek word
osmé) and other feminine words should
be feminine.
The fact that
Dendromecon Benth. and
Hesperomecon E. L. Greene
were
originally ascribed the neuter gender is immaterial.
An exception should be made in the
case of names ending in
-gaster, which strictly speaking ought to be feminine,
but which
should be treated as masculine
in accordance with botanical custom.
Similarly, all modern compounds ending in
-ceras, -dendron, -nema, -stigma, -stoma and
other neuter words should be neuter.
The fact that Robert Brown and Bunge respectively
made
Aceras and
Xanthoceras feminine is immaterial.
An exception should be made for
names ending in
-anthos (or
-anthus) and
-chilos
(-chilus or
-cheilos), which ought to be
neuter,
since that is the gender of the greek words
anthos and
cheilos, but which have
generally been treated as masculine
and should have that gender assigned to them.
Examples of
compound generic names
where the termination of the last word is altered:
Stenocarpus, Dipterocarpus,
and all other modern compounds ending in the Greek masculine
carpos (or
carpus), e.g.
Hymenocarpos, should be masculine. Those in
-carpa or
-carpaea
however, should be feminine, e.g.
Callicarpa and
Polycarpaea; and those in
-carpon, -carpum,
or
-carpium should be neuter, e.g.
Polycarpon, Ormocarpum, and
Pisocarpium.
(3)
Arbitrarily formed generic names or vernacular names or
adjectives used as generic
names, whose gender is not apparent,
should take the gender assigned to them by their
authors.
Where the original author has failed to indicate the gender,
the next subsequent
author may choose a gender,
and his choice should be accepted.
Examples:
Taonabo Aubl. (Pl. Guiane 569. 1775)
should be feminine:
Aublet’s two species
were
T. dentata and
T. punctata.
Agati Adans. (Fam. 2: 326. 1763) was published
without indication of gender: the feminine
gender
was assigned to it by Desvaux (Journ. Bot. Agric. 1: 120. 1813),
who was the first
subsequent author to adopt the name,
and his choice should be accepted.
Boehmer (in Ludwig, Def. Gen. Pl. ed. 3. 436. 1760) and
Adanson (Fam. 2: 356. 1763)
failed to indicate the gender of
Manihot: the first author to supply specific epithets was
Crantz (lnst. Rei Herb. 1: 167. 1766), who proposed the names
Manihot gossypiifolia, etc.,
and
Manihot should therefore be treated as feminine.
Cordyceps Link (Handb. 3: 346. 1833) is adjectival in form
and has no classical gender;
Link assigned to it
C. capitatus, etc. and
Cordyceps should therefore be treated as masculine.
(4)
Generic names ending in
-oides or
-odes should be treated as feminine irrespective
of the gender assigned to them by the original author.
When a genus is divided into two or more genera,
the gender of the new generic name
or names should be that of
the generic name that is retained.
Example:
When
Boletus is divided,
the gender of the new generic names should be
masculine:
Xerocomus,
Boletellus, etc.
———————
* Examples of names formed from Latin words are not given as these offer few difficulties.
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Modification | Div. III |
Division I I I . Provisions for modification of the Code
Provision 1.
Modification of the Code.
The Code may be modified only by
action of a plenary session of
an International Botanical Congress on a resolution
moved by
the Nomenclature Section of that Congress.
Provision 2.
Nomenclature Committees.
Permanent Nomenclature Committees
are established under the auspices of
the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
Members of these committees are elected
by an International Botanical Congress.
The Committees have power to co-opt and to establish subcommittees;
such officers
as may be desired are elected.
1. General
Comittee,
composed of the secretaries of the other committees,
the rapporteur-
général, the president and the secretary
of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy,
and at least 5 members to be appointed by the Nomenclature Section.
The rapporteur-général
is charged with the presentation
of nomenclature proposals to the International Botanical
Congress.
2. Committee for Spermatophyta.
3. Committee for Pteridophyta.
4. Committee for Bryophyta.
5. Committee for Fungi and Lichens.
6. Committee for Algae.
7. Committee for Bacteria.
8.
Committee for
Hybrids.
9.
Committee for Fossil Plants.
10.
Editorial Committee,
charged with the preparation and publication of the Code
in
conformity with the decisions adopted by
the International Botanical Congress.
Chairman:
the
rapporteur-général of the previous Congress,
who is charged with the general duties in
connection
with the editing of the Code.
Provision 3. The Bureau of Nomenclature of the International Botanical Congress.
Its officers are:
1. The president of the Nomenclature Section,
elected by the
organizing committee of
the International Botanical Congress in question.
2. The
recorder, appointed by the same organizing committee.
3. The rapporteur-général,
elected by the previous Congress.
4. The vice-rapporteur, elected by the organizing
committee
on the proposal of the rapporteur-général.
Provision 4.
The voting on nomenclature proposals is of two kinds:
1. A pre-
liminary guiding mail vote and
2. A final and binding vote at the Nomenclature
Section
of the International Botanical Congress.
Qualifications for voting:
1. The members of the International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
2. The authors of proposals.
3. The members of the nomenclature committees.
Note. No accumulation or transfer of personal votes is permissible.
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Div. III | Modification |
B. Final vote at the sessions of the Nomenclature Section.
1. All officially enrolled members of the Section.
No accumulation or transfer of personal
votes is permissible.
2. Official delegates or vice-delegates of the institutes
appearing on a list drawn up by
the Bureau of Nomenclature of
the International Botanical Congress and submitted to
the
General Committee for final approval;
such institutes are entitled to 1-7 votes,
as specified
on the list. Transfer of institutional votes
to specified vice-delegates is permissible, but no
single person
will be allowed more than 15 votes, his personal vote included.
Institutional
votes may be deposited at the Bureau of Nomenclature
to be counted in a specified way for
specified proposals.
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Hybrids | H. 1—H. 3 |
Names of hybrids
Hybrids are assigned to taxa of two principal ranks:
interspecific hybrid and
intergeneric hybrid.
These ranks are equivalent to species and genus respectively.
The
nomenclature of these hybrids is governed
by the general provisions of the Code,
except
where modified by the special provisions of this Appendix.
Note.
The term
interspecific hybrid, whenever used in the Code,
refers to a hybrid
between species of the same genus. The term
intergeneric hybrid, whenever used in
the Code,
refers to a hybrid between species of two or more genera.
Hybrids or putative hybrids
between two species of the same genus
are designated
by a formula and,
whenever it seems useful or necessary, by a name.
A formula consists of the names of the two parents
connected by the multiplication
sign (× )
or of the name of the genus followed by the specific epithets
of the two
parents connected by the same sign.
The
sequence of the names
or epithets in a
formula
is
either alphabetical
(as in this Code) or with the name or epithet
of the
female parent first when this is known.
Example:
Salix
× capreola
Kerner ex Andersson =
Salix aurita
L. ×
S. caprea
L. or alter-
natively
Salix aurita ×
caprea.
The female (♀)
and male (♂) signs may be added
in formulas. Any other conventions
used in the writing
of formulas should be
explained by the authors.
Example: Digitalis lutea L. ♀ × D. purpurea L. ♂.
A
name
of an interspecific hybrid
is a binary combination
consisting of the name
of the genus and a single
epithet
(‘collective’ epithet), the latter preceded
by the
multiplication
sign (× ).
Such names are
subject to the same rules as
those for the
names of species
(see Arts. 23, 40, & 50).
Example: Salix × capreola Kerner ex Andersson.
Where binary names of Latin form are used
in the naming of hybrids,
all des-
cendants (whether
Fı or succeeding
generations) of crosses between individuals of
the same parent species receive the same name (see Art.
H.
10).
An exception may
be made for names of amphidiploids
and similar polyploids
treated as species, which
may bear an epithet without the multiplication sign.
Example:
Digitalis mertonensis
Buxton & Darlington,
a true-breeding tetraploid obtained
from
D. grandiflora
Mill. ×
D. purpurea
L.
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H. 3—H. 7 | Hybrids |
When polymorphic parental species are involved
and if infraspecific taxa are recognized
in them,
greater precision may be achieved by the use of formulae
than by giving the hybrids
“specific” names.
Designations consisting
of the specific epithets of the parents
combined in unaltered
form by a hyphen,
or with the ending of only one epithet changed,
or consisting of
the specific epithet of one parent
combined with the generic name of the other
(with
or without change of ending) are considered
to be formulae and not true epithets.
Examples:
The
designation
Potentilla atrosanguinea-formosa published by Maund
is con-
sidered to be a formula meaning
Potentilla atrosanguinea
D. Don ×
P. formosa
D. Don.
Verbascum nigro-lychnitis Schiede
(Pl. Hybr. 40. 1825) is considered to be a formula,
Verbascum lychnitis L. ×
V. nigrum L.; the correct binary name for this hybrid is
Verbascum
× schiedeanum Koch.
If a statement of the parentage
of a named interspecific hybrid appears to conflict
with the characters of the type of the name,
the type takes precedence in determining
the application of the name.
Examples:
Quercus
× deamii Trelease was described as
Q. alba L. ×
Q. muehlenbergii
Engelm.
However, progeny grown from acorns from the type tree
led Bartlett to conclude
that the parents were in fact
Q. macrocarpa Michx. and
Q. muehlenbergii. The hybrid
Q.
alba ×
Q. muehlenbergii is left without a binary name,
and the collective epithet
× deamii
is applied to
Q. macrocarpa ×
Q. muehlenbergii.
Hybrids or putative hybrids between infraspecific taxa
of the same species may be
designated by a formula and,
whenever it seems useful or necessary, by a name of
the same taxonomic rank as the parents or, if these
are of different rank, that of the
higher-ranking parent.
Example:
Lilium davidii var.
davimottiae (=
L. davidii var.
davidii ×
L. davidii var.
willmottiae).
In the formula
of a hybrid between infraspecific taxa,
the order of the names or epithets
and the use of
the signs ♀ and ♂
should follow the procedure set down in Art.
H. 2
and
Rec.
H. 2A.
In general, greater precision
will be achieved with less danger of confusion if
formulae
rather than names are used for such hybrids.
Intergeneric hybrids
(i.e. hybrids between species of two or more genera)
are
designated at the generic level by a formula and,
whenever it seems useful, by a
“generic name”.
The formula consists of the names of the two or more parents
connected by the
multiplication sign ×.
The “generic name” of a bigeneric hybrid
(i.e. the name of a bigeneric hybrid
corresponding to a genus)
is formed by combining the names of the two parent
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Hybrids | H. 8 |
genera, i.e. the first part or the whole of one name
and the last part or the whole
of the other, into a single word.
Examples:
× Agropogon (=
Agrostis ×
Polypogon);
× Gymnacamptis (=
Anacamptis
×
Gymnadenia);
× Gymnaglossum
(=Coeloglossum
×
Gymnadenia);
× Sericobonia
(=
Libonia
×
Sericographis).
All hybrids between the same genera bear the same “generic name.”
The epithet of a bigeneric hybrid must not be placed
under the name of either
of the parent genera.
Example:
× Heucherella tiarelloides (=
Heuchera
× brizoides ×
Tiarella cordifolia), not
Heuchera
× tiarelloides.
The “generic name” of an intergeneric hybrid
derived from four or more genera
is formed
from the name of a person eminent as a collector, grower,
or student of
the group, to which is added the termination
-ara; no such name may exceed eight
syllables.
Example: × Potinara (= Brassavola × Cattleya × Laelia × Sophronitis).
The “generic name” of a trigeneric hybrid is formed
either like that of bigeneric
hybrids,
by combining the names of the three parent genera
into a single word not
exceeding eight syllables,
or, like that of a hybrid derived from four or more genera,
from a personal name, to which is added the termination
-ara.
Examples:
× Sophrolaeliacattleya (=
Cattleya ×
Laelia ×
Sophronitis).
× Wilsonara (=
Cochlioda ×
Odontoglossum ×
Oncidium).
Note.
The
epithet of the
name of a hybrid
derived from
two subdivisions
of the
same genus is formed in the same way
as the “generic name” of an intergeneric
hybrid.
Example:
Iris subgen.
× Regeliocyclus comprising the hybrids between species of
Iris
belonging to subgenus
Regelia and subgenus
Oncocyclus.
The “generic name” of
an intergeneric hybrid
is applicable only to plants which
are accepted
taxonomically as derived from the genera named.
Example:
If the genus
Triticum L. is interpreted on taxonomic grounds as including
Triticum (s. str.) and
Agropyron Gaertn., and the genus
Hordeum L. as including
Hordeum
(s. str.) and
Elymus L., then hybrids between
Agropyron and
Elymus as well as between
Hordeum (s. str.) and
Triticum (s. str.)
are all to be placed within the hybrid group
× Tritor-
deum Asch. & Graebn.
(Syn. 2: 748. 1902). If, however,
Agropyron and
Elymus are separated
generically from
Triticum (s. str.) and
Hordeum (s. str.), hybrids between
Agropyron and
Hordeum (s. str.) are placed within the hybrid group
× Agrohordeum Camus
(Bull. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris 33: 537. 1927), which has priority over
× Hordeopyrum Simonet
(Compt.
Rend. Acad. Paris 201: 1212. 1935). Hybrids between
Agropyron and
Elymus are placed in
× Agroelymus Camus
(Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 33: 538. 1927), which has priority over
× Elymopyrum Cugnac
(Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Ardennes 33: 14. 1938,
accompanied by a
statement of parentage
and a description in French, but not Latin). Hybrids between
Elymus
and
Hordeum are placed in
× Elymordeum Lepage (Natural. Canad. 84: 97. 1957);
× Tritor-
deum
is then restricted to hybrids between
Hordeum (s. str.) and
Triticum (s. str.). The
name
× Hordelymus for hybrids between
Elymus and
Hordeum (s. str.) would be illegitimate
because of the earlier publication of
Hordelymus (Jessen) Harz (Samenkunde 2: 1147. 1885)
based on
Hordeum subgen.
Hordelymus Jessen.
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H. 9—H. 10 | Hybrids |
In
order to be validly
published,
the name of a hybrid
with the
rank of
genus
or
subdivision of a
genus,
which is a condensed formula
or equivalent to a condensed
formula
(Art. H.
8),
must be published with a
statement of the names of the parent
genera
or subdivisions of
genera,
but no description or diagnosis is necessary,
whether
in Latin or in any other language.
Examples of
validly published names:
× Philageria Masters
(Gard. Chrono 1872: 358),
published with a statement of parentage,
Lapageria ×
Philesia;
× Cupressocyparis Dallimore
(Hand-list Conif. Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew ed. 4. 37. 1938),
published with a statement of
parentage,
Chamaecyparis ×
Cupressus;
Eryngium sect.
× Alpestria Burdet & Miège
(Can-
dollea 23: 116. 1968)
published with a statement
of its parentage,
Eryngium sect.
Alpina ×
sect.
Campestria.
When different hybrid forms or groups of hybrid forms
derived from the same
parent species
(including their infraspecific taxa) are treated
as belonging to a
collective hybrid taxon
of rank equivalent to species, they are classed
under the
binary name applied to this taxon
(see Art.
H.
3)
like infraspecific taxa under the
binary name
of a species. These hybrid forms
or groups of hybrid forms are termed
nothomorphs;
when it is desirable, a nothomorph may be designated
by an epithet
preceded by this binary name
and the term “nothomorph”
(nothomorpha, ab-
breviated as nm.).
In the hierarchy of ranks, nothomorph is equivalent to variety (see also Art. 50).
Note.
Nothomorpha: —
a term derived from the Greek
νοθος and
μορφη
meaning
“hybrid form”
and applied to any hybrid form,
whether
Fı,
segregate or backcross.
Examples:
Mentha
× niliaca nm.
lamarckii (a form of
the pleomorphic hybrid
Mentha
× niliaca =
M. longifolia ×
M. rotundifolia);
Ulmus
× hollandica nm.
hollandica and nm.
vegeta (forms of
Ulmus
× hollandica
=
U. carpinifolia ×
U. glabra).
An epithet published before 1 Jan. 1975
subordinate to the binary name of a
recognized hybrid,
but at a rank other than that of nothomorph,
is treated as pub-
lished at the rank of nothomorph,
the name of the original author being cited,
followed by an indication of the original status (see Art.
50).
Example: Carduus × orthocephalus Wallr. nm. mulliganii Boivin (pro forma).
An epithet published on or after 1 Jan. 1975
subordinate to the binary name of a
recognized hybrid,
but at any rank other than nothomorph,
is not validly published.
Nomina familiarum conservanda
see pp. 222-238
Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda see pp. 239-393
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Guide | Types |
GUIDE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TYPES
The following is intended as a guide to
the determination or selection of the
nomenclatural types
of previously published taxa.
Where the application of a rule
is concerned,
reference is made to the appropriate Article.
1.
The choice made by the original author,
if definitely expressed at the time
of the original publication of the name of the taxon,
is final. If he included only
one element,
that one must always be accepted as the
holotype (Arts.
7,
9,
10).
If a
new name is based on a previously published
description of the taxon, the same
considerations
apply to material cited by the earlier author.
2.
A new name or epithet published as an avowed substitute
(nomen novum)
for an older name or epithet
is typified by the type of the older name (Art. 7,
par. 8).
3.
A
lectotype may be chosen only when
an author failed to designate a holotype,
or when,
for species or taxa of lower rank,
the type has been lost or destroyed
(Art. 7,
par.
3).
4.
Designation of a lectotype should be undertaken only
in the light of an
understanding of the group concerned.
Mechanical systems, such as the automatic
selection of
the first species or specimen cited or of a specimen collected
by the
person after whom a species is named,
should be avoided as unscientific and
productive of possible future confusion and further change.
In choosing a lectotype,
all aspects of the protologue
should be considered as a basic guide.
(See Art.
8.)
a.
A
lectotype must be chosen from among elements
that were definitely studied
by the author
up to the time the name of the taxon was published and
included in
the protologue.
b.
Other things being equal, a specimen
should be given preference over pre-
Linnaean
or other cited descriptions or illustrations
when lectotypes of species or
infraspecific taxa
are designated, providing that the choice
is in accordance with
Rec.
7B.
c.
If a holotype was designated by the original author
and has been lost or
destroyed, an
isotype (Art. 7,
par. 5),
if such exists, must be chosen as the lectotype.
If no holotype was designated by the original author and if
syntypes (Art. 7,
par. 6)
exist, one of them must be chosen as the lectotype.
If no holotype was designated by
the original author
and if no syntypes are extant, the lectotype
should be chosen from
among duplicates
* of the syntypes
(isosyntypes), if such exist.
If neither an isotype,
———————
*
The word duplicate is here given
its usual meaning in herbarium curatorial practice.
It is
part of a single gathering made by a collector at one time.
However, the possibility of a
mixed gathering must always
be considered by an author choosing a lectotype and
cor-
responding caution used.
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Types | Guide |
a syntype, nor an isosyntype is extant, a
paratype *,
if such exists, may be chosen as
lectotype.
If none of the specimens cited in the protologue
nor any duplicates of them
are extant,
a neotype (Art. 7,
par.7)
may be designated.
d.
In choosing a lectotype,
any indication of intent by the author of a name
should
be given preference unless such indication is contrary
to the protologue.
Such indications are manuscript notes,
annotations on herbarium sheets, recognizable
figures,
and epithets such as
typicus, genuinus, vulgaris, communis, etc.
e.
In cases when two or more elements
were included in or cited with the original
description, the reviewer should
be guided by
Rec.
7B
in the selection of a lectotype.
However,
if another author has already segregated
one or more elements as other
taxa,
the residue or part of it
should be designated as the lectotype
provided that this
element is not discordant
with the original description or diagnosis.
If it can be
shown that the element
or elements which remain
are discordant,
then one of the
previously segregated elements
is to be selected
as the lectotype
(see Rec.
7B).
f.
The first choice of a lectotype must
be followed by subsequent workers (Art.
8)
unless the original material is rediscovered,
or unless it can be shown that the choice
was based
upon a misinterpretation of the protologue, or if the choice was made
arbitrarily
(e.g., by a mechanical system)
and without understanding
of the group
concerned
(see 4, above).
5.
In selecting a
neotype even more care and critical knowledge are essential,
as
the reviewer usually has no guide
except his own judgment as to what best fits the
protologue.
If his selection proves to be faulty
it will inevitably result in further
change.
A neotype may be designated only when all the originally cited material
and its duplicates are believed lost or destroyed (Art. 7,
par. 7).
The first choice of a neotype must be followed
by subsequent workers unless the
original material
is rediscovered, or unless the choice neglected an available
lecto-
type, or if it can be shown that the choice
was based on a misinterpretation of the
original protologue.
A lectotype always takes precedence over a neotype (Art. 7,
par. 3).
6.
For the name of a fossil species, the lectotype,
when one is needed, should, if
possible,
be a specimen illustrated at the time of
the first valid publication.
———————
*
A
paratype is a specimen cited in the protologue
other than the holotype, isotype(s),
or
syntypes.
In most cases where no holotype was designated
there will also be no paratypes,
since all the cited specimens will be syntypes. However,
in cases where an author cited
two
or more specimens as types (Art. 7,
par. 4),
the remaining cited specimens are paratypes
and
not syntypes.
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Guide | Citation |
GUIDE TO THE CITATION OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
A reference to literature in a botanical publication
should consist of the following
items,
in the order in which they are treated below:
1.
Name of author(s).
In a citation appended to the name of a taxon, the name
of the author should be abbreviated as recommended in
Rec. 46A.
In other citations
(as in bibliographies),
the name of the author should be given in full;
the last name
first, followed by first name(s).
The use of the full name (rather than initials)
tends to avoid errors.
If several authors are cited, the name of the last
should be preceded by the
word
et or by the sign “&”
(see Rec. 46B).
After the name of a taxon, an unabbreviated author’s name
should be separated
from what follows by a comma;
an abbreviated name needs no punctuation other
than
the period (full stop) indicating abbreviation.
2.
Title.
After the name of a taxon, the title of a book
is commonly abbreviated,
and the title of an article in a serial
is commonly omitted. Elsewhere (as in biblio-
graphies),
titles should be cited exactly as they appear on
the title-page of the book
or at the head of the article.
In a citation appended to the name of a taxon,
no punctuation should separate
the title from what follows
other than a period (full stop) indicating abbreviation.
Examples of
taxonomic citation of authors and titles:
P. Br. Hist. Jam.
—
Hook. f. Fl.
Brit. Ind.
—
G. F. Hoffm. Gen. Umbell.
—
G. Don, Gen. Hist.
—
H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp.
—
L. Sp. Pl.
—
Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am.
—
DC. Prodr.
—
T. et G. Fl. N. Am.
The last five authors’
names are not abbreviated
strictly in accordance with Rec.
46A
but with common usage.
Examples of
names written in full:
Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von.
—
Müller,
Johann Friedrich Theodor (“Fritz Müller”).
—
Mueller, Ferdinand Ferdinandowitsch.
—
Müller, Franz August.
—
Müller, Franz.
3.
Name of serial.
Principal words should be abbreviated * to the first syllable,
with such additional letters or syllables as may be necessary
to avoid confusion;
articles, prepositions, and other particles
(der, the, of, de, et, and so forth) should
be omitted except
when that omission might create confusion.
The order of words
should be that which appears on the title-page.
Unnecessary words, subtitles, and
the like should be omitted.
To avoid confusion among publications having
the same name or veyy similar
names, the place of publication
or other distinguishing data should be added in
brackets.
No punctuation other than a period (full stop)
indicating abbreviation should
separate the name of the serial from what follows.
———————
*
Titles consisting of a single word, and personal names,
are customarily not abbreviated;
but many exceptions are sanctioned by usage.
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Citation | Guide |
Examples of
citation of names of serials:
Ann. Sci. Nat.; not Ann. des Sci. Nat.
—
Am.
Journ. Bot.; not Amer. Jour. Bot.
—
Bot. Jahrb. (Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik,
Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie); not Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
(Engler was the editor,
not the author of the series).
—
Mem. Soc. Cub. Hist. Nat. (Memorias de la Sociedad
Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey”).
—
Acta Soc. Faun. Fl. Fenn.
(Acta Societatis
pro Fauna et Flora Fennica).
—
Bull. Jard. Bot. État [Bruxelles]
(Bulletin du Jardin
Botanique de l’État).
—
Flora [Quito]
(to distinguish it from the well-known “Flora”
published in Jena).
—
Hedwigia; not Hedwig.
—
Gartenflora; not Gartenfl.
—
Missouri Bot.
Gard. Bull.;
not Bull. Mo. Bot. Gard. (see title-page).
4.
Edition and series.
If a book has appeared in more than one edition, those
subsequent to the first should be designated by “ed. 2”,
“ed. 3”, and so forth.
If a serial has appeared in more than one series
in which the numbers of volumes
are repeated,
those subsequent to the first should be designated
by a roman capital
numeral,
or by “ser. 2”, “ser. 3”, and so forth.
Examples of
editions and series:
G. F. Hoffm. Gen. Umbell. ed. 2.
—
Compt. Rend.
Acad. URSS. II.
(Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS. Nouvelle Série).
—
Ann. Sci. Nat. IV.
—
Mem. Am. Acad. II. (or ser. 2.)
(Memoirs of the American Academy
of Arts and Sciences.
New Series); not Mem. Am. Acad. N.S.
5.
Volume.
The volume should be shown by an arabic numeral;
for greater
clarity this should be printed in boldface type.
When volumes are not numbered,
the years on the title-pages may be used as volume-numbers.
The volume-number should always be separated
from the numbers of pages and
illustrations by a colon.
6.
Part or issue.
If a volume consists of separately paged parts,
the number of
the part should be inserted immediately
after the volume-number (and before the
colon),
either in parentheses or as a superscript.
For volumes which are continuously
paged,
the designation of parts serves no useful purpose and
leads to typographical
errors.
7.
Pages.
Pages are shown by arabic numerals,
except those otherwise designated
in the original.
If several pages are cited, the numbers are separated by commas;
or
if more than two consecutive pages are cited,
the first and last are given, separated
by a dash.
8.
Illustrations.
Figures and plates, when it is desirable to refer to them,
should
be indicated by arabic numerals preceded by f. and pl. or t.
(tabula) respectively;
for greater clarity these should be printed in italic type.
9.
Dates.
The year of publication should end the citation;
or, in lists of works to
which reference is made by author and date,
it may be inserted between the author’s
name and the title of his work.
If it is desirable to cite the exact date, day, month,
and year
should be given in that order.
The date (in either position) may be
enclosed in parentheses.
Note.
With the exceptions above noted,
each item of the citation should be
separated
from the following item by a period (full stop).
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Guide | Citation |
Examples of
citations appended to names of taxa:
Anacampseros Sims, Bot. Mag.
33:
pl. 1367. 1811.
—
Tittmannia Brongn. Ann. Sci. Nat.
8: 385. 1826.
—
Monochaetum Naud.
Ann. Sci. Nat. III.
4: 48.
pl. 2. 1845.
—
Cudrania Tréc. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3.
8: 122.
f. 76-85
1847.
—
Symphyoglossum Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
21¹: 255. 1848.
—
Hedysarum gremiale
Rollins, Rhodora
42: 230 (1940).
—
Hydrocotyle nixioides Math. & Const. Bull. Torrey Club
78: 303. 24 Jul. 1951.
—
Ferula tolueensis H.B.K. Nov. Gen. Sp.
5: 12. 1821.
—
Critamus
dauricus G. F. Hoffm. Gen. Umbell. ed. 2. 184. 1816.
—
Geranium tracyi Sandw. Kew Bull.
1941: 219. 9 Mar. 1942.
—
Sanicula tuberosa Torr. Pacif. Railr. Rep.
4(1): 91. 1857.
Examples of
bibliographic citations:
Norton, John Bitting Smith. Notes on some plants,
chiefly from the southem United States.
Missouri Bot. Gard. Rep.
9: 151-157.
pl. 46-50. 1898.
Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig.
Handbuch des natürlichen Pflanzensystems. i-x,
1-346. 1837.
Don, George. A general history of the dichlamydeous plants.
1: 1-818 (1831).
2: 1-875
(1832).
3: 1-867 (1834).
4: 1-908 (1838).
Schmidt, Friedrich.
Reisen im Amur-Lande und auf der lnsel Sachalin. Botanischer Theil.
Mém. Acad. St.-Pétersb. VII.
12²: 1-277.
pl. 1-8. June 1868.
Glover, George Henry & Robbins, Wilfred WilIiam. 1915.
Colorado plants injurious to
livestock. Bull. Colorado Exp. Sta.
211: 3-74.
f. 1-92.
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BIBLIOGRAPHIA
1. | 1867 |
LOIS / DE LA / NOMENCLATURE BOTANIQUE
/ ADOPTÉES PAR /
LE
CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DE BOTANIQUE
/ TENU A PARIS EN AOUT 1867
/ SUIVIES D’UNE
/ DEUXIÈME ÉDITION
/ DE L’INTRODUCTION HISTO-
RIQUE ET DU COMMENTAIRE
/ QUI ACCOMPAGNAIENT LA RÉDACTION
PRÉPARATOIRE
PRÉSENTÉE AU CONGRÈS
/ PAR / M. ALPH. DE CANDOLLE
/ Éditeur et en partie auteur du /
Prodromus systematis naturalis vegetabilum. /
— / GENÈVE ET BALE /
H. GEORG, LIBRAIRE-ÉDITEUR
/ PARIS / J.-B.
BAILLIÈRE ET FILS
/ 1867 /
In 8°; p. [1]-64; ‘Lois’: p. 13-32, ‘Commentaire’: p. 33-64.
Sometimes referred to as ‘Paris
Code’ or ‘Paris Rules’.
2. | 1906 |
RÈGLES INTERNATIONALES /
DE LA / NOMENCLATURE BOTANIQUE /
ADOPTÉES PAR LE /
CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DE BOTANIQUE DE
VIENNE 1905 / ET
PUBLIÉES AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DE
RÉDACTION
DU CONGRÈS
/ PAR / JOHN BRIQUET /
RAPPORTEUR GÉNÉRAL. /
INTER-
NATIONAL RULES OF /
BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE / ADOPTED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1905. /
— / INTER-
NATIONALE REGELN DER
/ BOTANISCHEN NOMENCLATUR / ANGENOMMEN
VOM INTERNATIONALEN
BOTANISCHEN KONGRESS ZU WIEN 1905. / — /
VERLAG VON GUSTAV FISCHER IN JENA. / 1906. /
In 8° max.; p. [1]-99; Commission de Rédaction: J. Briquet,
Ch. Flahault, H. Harms,
A. B. Rendle. Title on p. 17:
‘Règles internationales pour la Nomenclature botanique prin-
cipalement des plantes vasculaires’. Sometimes referred
to as ‘Vienna Code’ or ‘First edition
of the Rules’.
Also published in ‘Verhandlungen des internationalen botanischen
Kongresses
in Wien 1905’, Jena 1906, pp. 165-261.
3. | 1912 |
RÈGLES INTERNATIONALES / DE LA /
NOMENCLATURE BOTANIQUE
/
ADOPTÉES PAR LE
/ CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DE BOTANIQUE DE
VIENNE 1905 / DEUXIÈME
ÉDITION MISE AU
POINT D’APRÈS LES /
DÉCISIONS DU
CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAL DE
/ BOTANIQUE DE BRUXEL-
LES 1910 /
PUBLIÉE AU NOM DE LA COMMISSION DE
RÉDACTION DU
CONGRÈS / PAR / JOHN BRIQUET / RAPPORTEUR
GÉNÉRAL / — /
INTER-
NATIONAL RULES / OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
/ ADOPTED BY THE
INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESSES
/ OF VIENNA 1905 AND
BRUSSELS 1910
/ — / INTERNATIONALE REGELN /
DER BOTANISCHEN
NOMENCLATUR / ANGENOMMEN VON DEN
INTERNATIONALEN BOTA-
NISCHEN KONGRESSEN /
ZU WIEN 1905 UND BRÜSSEL 1910 / JENA /
VERLAG VON GUSTAV FISCHER / 1912 /
In 8° max.; p. [I]-VIII, [1]-110; Commission de Rédaction:
J. Briquet, H. Harms, L.
Mangin, A. B. Rendle. Title on p. 12
(cf. p. 17, Vienna Code): ‘II. Règles internationales
de la
Nomenclature botanique’. Sometimes referred to as ‘Brussels Code’,
‘Brussels Rules’,
‘Second edition of the Rules’.
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4. | 1935 |
INTERNATIONAL RULES / OF / BOTANICAL
NOMENCLATURE / ADOPTED
BY THE INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL
CONGRESSES / OF VIENNA, 1905,
AND BRUSSELS, 1910
/ REVISED BY THE INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL
CONGRESS
/ OF CAMBRIDGE, 1930 / COMPILED BY THE
EDITORIAL COM-
MITTEE FOR NOMENCLATURE FROM THE REPORT OF
/ THE SUBSECTION
OF NOMENCLATURE PREPARED BY
/ JOHN BRIQUET (†) / — /
RÈGLES
INTERNATIONALES /
DE LA NOMENCLATURE BOTANIQUE /
ADOPTÉES
PAR LES
CONGRÈS INTERNATIONAUX DE BOTANIQUE
DE VIENNE, 1905,
/ BRUXELLES, 1910, ET CAMBRIDGE, 1930
/ — / INTERNATIONALE REGELN
/ DER BOTANISCHEN NOMENCLATUR / ANGENOMMEN VON DEN
INTER-
NATIONALEN BOTANISCHEN KONGRESSEN ZU WIEN 1905, /
BRÜSSEL 1910
UND CAMBRIDGE 1930 /
DRITTE AUSGABE / — / VERLAG VON GUSTAV
FISCHER IN JENA / 1935 /
In 8° max.; p. [I]-[XII], [1]-[152]; General editor: H. Harms;
English text (primary)
prepared by A. B. Rendle,
in collaboration with J. Ramsbottom, T. A. Sprague and A. J.
Wilmott; French text prepared by B. P. G. Hochreutiner;
German text prepared by H. Harms.
An unofficial abridged edition
of the English text was issued by A. B. Rendle as a supple-
ment
to ‘The Journal of Botany’, June 1934, entitled:
‘International Rules of Botanical
Nomenclature adopted by
the Fifth International Botanical Congress, Cambridge, 1930’.
The
abridgement consisted merely in the omission of most of
the examples and of the Appendices.
Mostly referred to as ‘Cambridge Rules' or ‘Third edition of the Rules’.
5. | 1947 |
International Rules of / Botanical Nomenclature
/ Formulated by the International
Botanical Congresses
of Vienna, 1905, / Brussels, 1910, and Cambridge 1930 /
Adopted and revised by the International Botanical Congress
of Amsterdam, 1935
/ Compiled from various sources by
/ W. H. Camp, H. W. Rickett and C. A.
Weatherby
/ UNOFFICIAL SPECIAL EDITION /
Issued as a service to members
of the / American Society of
Plant Taxonomists / Published by / THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN
/ in co-operation with / THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF
PLANT TAXONOMISTS / THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
/
LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA /
Top line: / Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 1—120 BRITTONIA APRIL 9,
1947 /
In 8°; p. [1]-120; Brittonia 6(1): 1-120. 1947.
Second printing, 1948, reproduced by offset and published
by the Chronica Botanica Co.
Waltham, Mass., U.S.A.
for the New York Botanical Garden,
and the American Society of
Plant Taxonomists.
Mostly referred to as ‘Brittonia edition of the Rules’.
6. | 1950 |
INTERNATIONAL RULES / of / BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
/ SUPPLE-
MENT / embodying the alterations
made at the / Sixth International Botanical
Congress, Amsterdam,
1935 / compiled by / T. A. SPRAGUE, D. Sc. /
late Deputy
Keeper of the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
/
Rapporteur Général for
Nomenclature, Sixth International Botanical Congress
/ — / (65) /
In 8°: In: Chronica Botanica, Volume 12, Number 1/2, pp. (65)-[88]. 1950.
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7. | 1952 |
INTERNATIONAL CODE / OF / BOTANICAL
NOMENCLATURE / ADOPTED
BY /
THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL / CONGRESS,
STOCK-
HOLM, JULY 1950 PREPARED BY
/ J. LANJOUW, Chief Editor /
CH. BAEHNI,
E. D. MERRILL, H. W. RICKETT, W. ROBYNS, /
T. A. SPRAGUE, Members of
the Editorial Committee /
F. A. STAFLEU, Secretary of the Committee /
AVEC
UNE TRADUCTION FRANÇAISE / PAR / CH. BAEHNI / —
/ 1952 / UTRECHT
— NETHERLANDS /
Published with financial support of I.U.B.S. by the /
Inter-
national Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the
/ International
Association for Plant Taxonomy
/ The Chronica Botanica Co. : Waltham, Mass.
U.S.A.
In 8°; p.p. [l]-228; Regnum Vegetabile, A Series of Handbooks
for the use of Plant
Taxonomists and Plant Geographers, Volume 3.
Issued September 1952. Mostly referred to
as ‘Stockholm Code’.
8. | 1956 |
INTERNATIONAL CODE / OF / BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE / ADOPTED
BY /
THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL / CONGRESS, PARIS,
JULY
1954 / PREPARED AND EDITED BY /
J. LANJOUW, Chairman, / CH. BAEHNI,
W. ROBYNS,
R. C. ROLLINS, R. ROSS, / J. ROUSSEAU, G. M. SCHULZE,
A. C.
SMITH, R. DE VILMORIN, Members, /
F. A. STAFLEU, Secretary of the Editorial
Committee /
[I.A.P.T. emblem] / 1956 / UTRECHT —
NETHERLANDS / Pub-
lished with financial support of
I.U.B.S.—U.N.E.S.C.O. by the / International Bureau
for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature / of the International
Association for Plant
Taxonomy /
In 8°; pp. [l]-338; Regnum Vegetabile, A Series of Handbooks
for the use of Plant
Taxonomists and Plant Geographers, Volume 8.
Issued December 1956. With similar French,
German and Spanish
title pages on pp. [2], [4] and [5]. Mostly referred to as ‘Paris Code’.
9. | 1961 |
INTERNATIONAL CODE / OF / BOTANICAL
NOMENCLATURE / ADOPTED
BY /
THE NINTH INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS / MONTREAL,
AUGUST 1959 / PREPARED AND EDITED BY /
J. LANJOUW, Chairman, / CH.
BAEHNI, W. ROBYNS,
R. ROSS, J. ROUSSEAU, J. M. SCHOPF, G. M. SCHULZE,
/ A. C. SMITH, R. DE VILMORIN, Members, /
F. A. STAFLEU, Secretary of the
Editorial Committee /
[I.A.P.T. emblem] / 1961 / UTRECHT —
NETHERLANDS
/ Published with financial support of
I.U.B.S.-U.N.E.S.C.O. / by the International
Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature /
of the International Association
for Plant Taxonomy /
In 8°; pp. [1]-372; Regnum Vegetabile, A series of publications
for the use of plant
taxonomists and plant geographers, volume 23.
Issued December 1961. With similar French
and German title pages
on pp. [2] and [4]. Mostly referred to as ‘Montreal Code’.
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10. | 1966 |
INTERNATIONAL CODE / OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE
/ ADOPTED
BY / THE TENTH
INTERNATIONAL BOTANICAL CONGRESS / EDINBURGH,
AUGUST 1964 / PREPARED AND EDITED BY /
J. LANJOUW, Chairman, / S. H.
MAMAY, R. McVAUGH,
W. ROBYNS, R. C. ROLLINS, R. ROSS, J. ROUSSEAU,
/ G. M. SCHULZE, R. DE VILMORIN, Members, /
F. A. STAFLEU, Secretary of
the Editorial Committee /
[I.A.P.T. Emblem] / 1966 / UTRECHT —
NETHERLANDS
/ Published with financial assistance of I.U.B.S.
- I.C.S.U. - U.N.E.S.C.O. / by the
International Bureau
for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature / of the International
Association for Plant Taxonomy /
In 8°; pp. [1]-402; Regnum Vegetabile, A series of publications
for the use of plant taxon-
omists, volume 46.
Issued December 1966. With similar French and German title pages
on
pp. [4] and [5]. Mostly referred to as ‘Edinburgh Code.’
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KEY TO THE NUMBERING OF THE ARTICLES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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Code
Seattle 73H 73I 74 75 section 2 |
Code
Edinburgh 73H 73A, para. 3 74 75 section 2 |
Code
Montreal 73H 73A, para. 3 74 75 section 2 |
Code
Paris — 45G 74 75 section 2 |
Code
Stockholm — 54H 83 82 pp. section 15 |
75A
75B Division III Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Guide Types Guide Citation I.C.N.C.P. (separate publication) |
75A
75B Division III Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Guide Types Guide Citation I.C.N.C.P. (separate publication) |
75A
75B Division III Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Guide Types Guide Citation I.C.N.C.P. (separate publication) |
75A
— Division III Appendix I — Appendix III Appendix IV Appendix V I.C.N.C.P. |
83A
— — Appendix II — Appendix V Appendix I Appendix VI Appendix III |
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[ Not present in this edition ]